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# Parallel Histories

## Sitemaps

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## Posts

- [When History Becomes a Battleground, Everyone Loses](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/when-history-becomes-a-battleground-everyone-loses/) - The recent decision by the British Museum to remove the word Palestine from several of its displays may seem, at first glance, like a minor curatorial adjustment. In reality, it is a symptom of a much deeper and more troubling trend: the accelerating effort by both pro-Israeli and pro-Palestinian activists to police, sanitise, or erase
- [Parallel Histories has released its newest project, Isolationism v. Internationalism: Did Staying Out or Stepping In make Americans safer?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/iso-inter-press-release/) - March 2026 Parallel Histories has released its newest project, Isolationism v. Internationalism: Did Staying Out or Stepping In make Americans safer? Parallel Histories has developed an eBook for secondary school students to explore and assess the debate around American policies from 1898-1949. The Library of Congress’ vast collection of primary sources provided the basis for
- [Two Stories, One Presidency: What Trump’s Moves on Venezuela and Greenland Reveal About Power, Principle, and Precedent. Op-Ed by Parallel Histories CEO Bill Rammell](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/two-stories-one-presidency/) - Two Stories, One Presidency: What Trump’s Moves on Venezuela and Greenland Reveal About Power, Principle, and Precedent As the Chief Executive of Parallel Histories, I spend my days immersed in contested and controversial historical narratives. Our mission is not to tell students what to think, but to show them how the same set of facts
- [First Michael Davies Memorial Conference](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/michael-davies-memorial/) - The first Michael Davies Commemoration Conference took place at Royal Lancaster Grammar School on 21st October 2025. This schools debate bringing together 80 school students was a celebration and tribute to the life and work of Michael Davies, the founder of Parallel Histories. The day kicked off with 2 lectures from Bill Rammell,
- [How Should the UK Engage with Iran? OP ED by Bill Rammell, Chief Executive of Parallel Histories.](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/uk-and-iran/) - Iran is a nation with a rich and ancient history, and it is one of the oldest continuous civilisations with settlements dating back to 4000 BC. Iran matters to the UK because it is a major regional power, because of its large reserves of fossil fuels (the second largest natural gas supply and third largest
- [The Times 'Here’s how to teach controversial history' by Emma Duncan](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/the-times-article/) - Read the article here We were thrilled to read such wonderful coverage of our debates programme in The Times this week by Emma Duncan. The comments from students filled us with pride, and do a better job than we can at explaining why our work is so important in schools.
- [Free speech and academic freedom. OP ED by Bill Rammell, Chief Executive of Parallel Histories.](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/free-speech-universities/) - I bow to no one in my defence of free speech and open debate as the best way to expose and tackle extremism, to resolve conflict and intractable problems, and to help educate young people. I have lectured and written widely on the importance of free speech. As a University Vice Chancellor I argued that
- [The Chagos Islands and the ceding of sovereignty to Mauritius. OP ED by Bill Rammell, Chief Executive of Parallel Histories.](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/chagos-op-ed/) - In writing about the history of the Chagos Islands I declare something of an interest. In a former life I was a UK Foreign Office Minister with responsibility for the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Chagos Islands within. The history of the Chagos Islands and the Chagossian people is an indelible stain on the
- [CEO Bill Rammell discusses our work on GBNews](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/itv-granada-coverage-showcases-the-fantatsic-work-of-students-and-staff-at-a-parallel-histories-debate-conference-copy/) - Listen to CEO Bill Rammell explain the necessity of our work in schools, and how getting critical thinking at the core of classroom skills is vital to building a civic society of free speech and healthy debate. Following our YouGov commissioned poll we know that parents are calling for contested history to be on curriculums
- [CEO Opinion Piece: Trump and the History of Tariffs](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/trump-and-tariffs/) - So, Donald Trump has massively destabilised the US and global economies with his pursuit of tariffs. His policies are widely ridiculed by economists. Yet tariffs are according to Trump “a very beautiful thing”. Who is right? And how can history help us decide? Trump’s politics are sometimes seen and proclaimed as a radical and different
- [ITV Granada coverage showcases the fantastic work of students and staff at a Parallel Histories Debate Conference.](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/itv-granada-coverage-showcases-the-fantatsic-work-of-students-and-staff-at-a-parallel-histories-debate-conference/) - We were thrilled to have one of our fantastic debate conferences covered by the team at ITV Granada. The debate day, hosted by Royal Lancaster Grammar School, brought children from across the North of England and Scotland together to debate the Israel/Palestine conflict, and the extent of success for the US Civil Rights Movement. Watch
- [Misinformation, Riots and Racism; Our best defence lies in education.](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/misinformation-riots-and-racism-our-best-defence-lies-in-education/) - As I start work as the new Chief Executive of Parallel Histories, I am forcibly struck by the fact that our work in resourcing schools to teach about contested history has never been more necessary and essential. The riots in the UK after the tragic murders in Southport have been a body blow to our
- [Why has the war in Gaza so attracted the attention of university students?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/the-gaza-war-university-students/) - Young people are passionate and incensed about the conflict in Gaza. I hope that comes as no surprise to anybody reading this; the wave of campus protests that began in the United States has also reached many UK universities. Lots of students are still currently in encampments demanding an immediate end to hostilities. Personally, I’ve
- [What happened to flipped learning and the video revolution?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/what-happened-to-flipped-learning-and-the-video-revolution/) - This blog is about how we created our original educational materials which used interactive video, and why we are changing now. But to give a proper account, I need to reflect on what we have learned about educational theory and classroom practice in the last seven years to explain where we started and how we
- [The Status Quo: Competing claims to religious sites in Jerusalem](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/the-status-quo/) - How the Ottoman Empire tried to resolve competing claims to religious sites in Jerusalem helps illustrates why an Israel-Hamas ceasefire will almost certainly not defuse a prime cause of conflict.
- [To understand the war in Ukraine, we must understand Russia’s Parallel Histories](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/to-understand-the-war-in-ukraine-we-must-understand-russias-parallel-histories/) - Of all the claims that Vladimir Putin has made about the war in Ukraine, the one that sounds most ludicrous to many of us is the idea that he is “de-Nazifying” Ukraine. President Zelenskyy’s Jewish heritage and the spat between Russia and Israel over Hitler’s ethnic background seem to highlight the absurdity of this
- [What young people in Northern Ireland can teach the rest of us](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/what-young-people-in-northern-ireland-can-teach-the-rest-of-us/) - It’s been fascinating working with school students in Northern Ireland over the last few years on the topic of the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine. And not just fascinating but also heartening. It seems to me that these young people who have grown up in a post-conflict society (it’s now over 25
- [Teaching the Israel Palestine conflict: a perspective from a US classroom](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/teaching-the-israel-palestine-conflict-a-perspective-from-a-us-classroom/) - Strong student opinions overheard following controversial news events - Entrenched viewpoints during discussions in the hallways and before class - Tensions between students identifying with opposing groups. While these might be seen as fraught moments to be avoided by some, or difficulties to be subdued by others, for teachers of modern history perhaps these could
- [Lies, damn lies and post-truth](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/lies-damn-lies-and-post-truth/) - Lee McIntyre, Boston University Most politicians lie. Or do they? Even if we could find some isolated example of a politician who was scrupulously honest – former President Jimmy Carter, perhaps – the question is how to think about the rest of them. And if most politicians lie, then why are some Americans so hard Most politicians lie. Or do they? Even if we could find some isolated example of a politician who was scrupulously honest – former President Jimmy Carter, perhaps – the question is how to think about the rest of them. And if most politicians lie, then why are some Americans so hard on President Donald Trump?
- [How can history teachers help their students spot what’s fake and what’s fact?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/spot-whats-fake-and-whats-fact/) - When I was teaching full-time, I was often struck by how long it took pupils to realise that the source skills I was teaching them had an application to the news and current affairs they were consuming. Perhaps it’s the stovepipe nature of the way the curriculum is organised in schools: each subject leader designs
- [UK's 'culture war' risks leading to US-style divisions – but we're not there yet](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/uks-culture-war-risks-leading-to-us-style-divisions-but-were-not-there-yet/) - Below is a great article about the polarisation of opinions in the U.K. It makes some interesting comparisons with the full blown culture wars in the USA. Its broad conclusion is that we are not (yet) as divided as the US nor as entrenched in one set of opinions. This finding very much ties in
- [Lessons for Brexit Britain from the Balkans](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/lessons-for-brexit-britain-from-the-balkans/) - Disputes over sovereignty may drag on for decades. What can the UK learn from the conflict over Kosovo’s sovereignty? Brexit, a project founded on the idea of regaining sovereignty, has managed to raise far more issues than it has solved. The UK’s unilateral attempt to extend grace periods on checks at the Irish Sea border
- [Keep talking: a reflection on how dialogue keeps peace alive](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/keep-talking-a-reflection-on-how-dialogue-keeps-peace-alive/) - At Agreement 25, the event commemorating the 25th anniversary of the Belfast Good Friday Agreement hosted at Queen’s University Belfast, I watched as the leaders of each major political party in Northern Ireland gathered for a panel discussion. It was mildly ironic as they took their seats next to one another on stage in front
- [Cromwell and Empire](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/cromwell-and-empire/) - At Parallel Histories we focus on ensuring that students discuss and debate the most controversial historical topics, including the role of the British Empire. Britain’s status as the capital of a much larger political entity is relevant to every aspect of its history. We have produced a new product on Oliver Cromwell, a man commonly
- [Why and how Oliver Cromwell’s reputation has evolved](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/oliver-cromwells-reputation/) - Stuart Orme is curator at the Cromwell Museum, Huntingdon. He sat down with Miriam Tomusk to discuss the shifting legacy of Oliver Cromwell, his relevance today, the work of the Museum, and working with schools and teachers. Thank you so much Stuart for joining me to discuss the contested legacy of Oliver Cromwell. What
- [Caught in the ripples of a receding tide](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/caught-in-the-ripples-of-a-receding-tide/) - MY FATHER'S EXPERIENCE AS A SOLDIER AT THE END OF THE BRITISH MANDATE IN PALESTINE IN 1946 A hundred years ago, on 2nd November 1917, British foreign secretary Lord Arthur James Balfour wrote to Lord Walter Rothschild, considered at the time to be the leader of British Jews, to declare that the British government supported the
- [Suspicion in the eye of the beholder](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/suspicion-in-the-eye-of-the-beholder/) - THE TRAVEL DIARY OF A HISTORY UNDERGRADUATE IN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE As a second-year university student in 2019 I was awarded a scholarship to visit Palestine for the month of August while I learnt Arabic and volunteered in Nablus. I used the opportunity to explore the beautiful countryside and cityscapes of Israel and Palestine, and
- [“Teaching the history is absolutely vital”](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/teaching-the-history-is-absolutely-vital/) - Mohammed Amin, prominent British businessperson and former chair of the Conservative Muslim Forum, picked up the Iliad at the age of nine and thought: ‘sure, I can read that.’ He is known for sticking to his guns in the face of opposition, firstly from left-leaning muslims when he showed his support for the Conservative Party,
- [Diversifying the Teaching of the First World War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/diversifying-the-teaching-of-the-first-world-war/) - IN NOVEMBER 1914, THE 35TH OTTOMAN SULTAN, MEHMED V, FORMALLY DECLARED JIHAD AGAINST THE ENTENTE POWERS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR. Historian David Olusoga makes a convincing case for the ongoing resonance of this moment in his book The World’s War: Forgotten Soldiers of Empire. Olusoga argues that the jihad, leaving in its wake significant political, geographic,
- [Diversifying the Teaching of the First World War: The Battle of Broken Hill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/diversifying-the-teaching-of-the-first-world-war-the-battle-of-broken-hill/) - The massive reaction we got to Elena Stevens’ blog about diversifying the teaching of World War One is proof that teachers are looking for stories about this global war which do not come from the Western Front. Her story of the two brothers is fascinating and there are a myriad of others. One such story is
- [Dear Parent: why your child is learning histories not history](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/dear-parent-why-your-child-is-learning-histories-not-history/) - SOMETIMES WE GET ASKED BY TEACHERS PLANNING TO USE THE PARALLEL HISTORIES TEACHING METHOD IF WE HAVE A SAMPLE LETTER TO SEND HOME TO PARENTS EXPLAINING WHAT THE PROGRAMME INVOLVES AND WHAT THEIR CHILD WILL BE DOING. This is often a good idea, especially when the history of the conflict you are going to be
- [A student’s guide to History’s history](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/a-students-guide-to-historys-history/) - THE HISTORY OF HISTORY IS SO COMPLEX A DISCIPLINE THAT IT HAS BECOME ITS OWN FIELD: HISTORIOGRAPHY. You will see that in some cases the word is capitalised – this is to show when I am referring to the discipline of History, as opposed to the more general phenomenon of history as a transmission of
- [“History is constructed, and it’s often constructed for a purpose"](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/history-is-constructed-and-its-often-constructed-for-a-purpose/) - “History is constructed, and it’s often constructed for a purpose; with a particular view in mind, a particular message to get across, a particular moral authority to establish, you know, or a sense of victimhood...” Michael Davies was recently interviewed by Pádraig Ó Tuama for the Corrymeela Podcast. Corrymeela is Northern Ireland's oldest peace and
- [Education, religion and politics: can they ever be disentangled in Northern Ireland?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/education-religion-and-politics-can-they-ever-be-disentangled-in-northern-ireland/) - The Belfast parliament passed the first Education Act (Northern Ireland) in spring 1923, two years after its establishment. The Act was promoted by the then Minister of Education, Lord Londonderry, whose understanding of the situation in Northern Ireland was that of an outsider: a conservative English MP, he was committed to bringing education under state control and
- [Grasping the nettle - Teaching Israel and Palestine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/grasping-the-nettle-teaching-israel-and-palestine/) - Talking about Israel and Palestine is like walking into a battlefield where the missiles are tweets or lawyers’ letters thrown by armchair belligerents who seem more intransigently hostile than the real-life combatants, and woe betide anyone who isn’t clearly on one side or another. The demands that political activists make on teachers are simply unrealistic
- [What about Henry Dundas? Ask the students at Lourdes School in Glasgow](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/what-about-henry-dundas-ask-the-students-at-lourdes-school-in-glasgow/) - The controversy about the statue of Henry Dundas (Lord Melville) which dominates St Andrew’s Square in Edinburgh, and the debate about changing the plaque to reflect his contested role in delaying the abolition of the slave trade has been, along with the Black Lives Matter movement in general, both a source of teaching opportunities and
- [Debating Israel and Palestine in the KS3 classroom](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/debating-israel-and-palestine-in-the-ks3-classroom/) - When embarking on teaching the Israel Palestine conflict in our school there was a number of questions that were racing around my mind, and in our department discussions. Will our students be able to access this? Will they understand and respect the continuing relevance and significance of the conflict? Will they engage in live debating?
- [My top tips and strategies for teaching the Middle East at GCSE](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/my-top-tips-and-strategies-for-teaching-the-middle-east-at-gcse/) - If you’re reading this then you’re already aware of some of the benefits and challenges of teaching the Middle East, so I’ll be skipping past the ‘why it’s a good idea’ and get to the ‘how you can do it successfully’ part of the question. The key to success, in our experience, is to adopt
- [Using the Parallel Histories approach to promote debating at A Level](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/using-the-parallel-histories-approach-to-promote-debating-at-a-level/) - At our school, all Sixth Form students are allocated a double lesson each fortnight for ‘Enrichment’ activities – and last year I realised that this provided an ideal opportunity to engage some of the students in debate. I was keen to use the Parallel Histories approach, and so planned the first couple of sessions around
- [Making sources fun, not formulaic](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/making-sources-fun-not-formulaic/) - One of the most important but also hardest challenge facing every history teacher is introducing their students to source evidence and how to evaluate it. It’s not always something that students immediately or intuitively grasp, and teachers have tried numerous different ways of scaffolding the learning process. Acronyms like PEE (Point Example and Explanation) abound
- [In the Classroom - How to start ‘decolonising the curriculum’ without having to change all the topics you teach.](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/in-the-classroom-how-to-start-decolonising-the-curriculum-without-having-to-change-all-the-topics-you-teach/) - ‘Decolonising the curriculum’ is usually taken as meaning a complete overhaul of the curriculum, and that’s something that takes time and money, both of which are in short supply at the moment. However you can achieve some of the goals of the ‘decolonising the curriculum’ movement by simply rereading existing topics you teach with a
- [The Real Winston Churchill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/the-real-winston-churchill/) - In keeping with our Great Leaders videos, which examine the legacies of some of the twentieth century’s most prominent politicians, here Richard Seymour presents the case against Winston Churchill’s elevated status as a national hero. This piece was originally published by Jacobin Magazine. CHURCHILL WAS NO HERO — HE WAS A VILE RACIST FANATICAL ABOUT
- [A Tudor House Divided](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/a-tudor-house-divided/) - Early Modern European history is overflowing with examples of parallel histories because of the profoundly divisive nature of the Reformation. As such, with two clearly distinct sides, it is an area of history that lends itself well to a parallel narratives approach. In particular, such a lens is especially helpful when studying the reigns of
- [The GDR – An (un)lawful state? / Die DDR – (K)ein Unrechtsstaat?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/the-gdr-an-unlawful-state-die-ddr-kein-unrechtsstaat/) - Celeste Schoenen and her students from Langerwehe, Germany have been developing a Parallel Histories debate programme in German and English about whether the GDR was ‘unrechtsstaat’ (an unlawful state). This month’s blog post, written in both English and German, is from one of Celeste’s students, Kilian. Kilian reflects on how his opinions on the GDR
- [When an American civil rights leader praised Stalin](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/when-an-american-civil-rights-leader-praised-stalin/) - It is important to recognize that attitudes towards Stalin in Western Europe and the USA have not been constant, nor were they ever homogenous. As the leader of the foremost Communist regime, Stalin’s crimes and virtues were heavily debated among Western intellectuals. Furthermore, the full extent of his terrible treatment of many Soviet citizens was
- [When the Soviets disowned Stalin](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/when-the-soviets-disowned-stalin/) - Continuing our examination of Stalin’s complicated legacy in our Great Leaders series, below is a speech that is very critical of Stalin given by one of his successors, Nikita Khrushchev, in 1956. Even in the USSR, Stalin’s reputation was not constant; it went through peaks and troughs as his actions were re-evaluated. Secret Speech Delivered
- [When Putin was an ally of the West](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/when-putin-was-an-ally-of-the-west/) - The study of history gives us different perspectives on current events. With the war in Ukraine continuing to make headline news across the world, it is striking to realise that Putin was once seen as a great ally of the Western powers against terrorism. This extract from a speech by former NATO Secretary General Lord
- [Margaret Thatcher's Contested Legacy - the case against Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/margaret-thatchers-contested-legacy-the-case-against-thatcher/) - In preparation for our upcoming Great Leaders videos on Margaret Thatcher we are examining the legacy of one of Britain’s most polarizing Prime Ministers. During July and August, we will post different viewpoints on Thatcher. First, we’ll look at the anti-Thatcher position, expressed here by Labour MP Dan Jarvis. The article below was originally
- [In praise of Margaret Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/praise-margaret-thatcher/) - To prepare the ground for our Great Leaders videos on Margaret Thatcher, we are posting blogs that examine her legacy. Having looked at a negative view of Thatcher here, we will now examine David Cameron’s glowing tribute to Thatcher, made in the House of Commons following her death in 2013. In the long
- [Six FAQs about teaching Israel and Palestine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/teaching-the-israel-palestine-conflict-at-year-9/) - I wonder if the authors of the HA report ‘Teaching emotive and controversial history’ 2007 feel despairing or vindicated? Despairing because it’s become ever harder to find controversial history topics taught in the classroom or vindicated because they predicted this in 2007. The conflict between Israel and Palestine is a good example. The Arab Israeli
- [What are students thinking about free speech now?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/what-are-students-thinking-about-free-speech-now/) - New research on student perceptions of free speech is in, and Bobby Duffy and Finlay Malcolm wonder whether both sides of the debate can find some sensible common ground. This article first appeared on Wonkhe: https://wonkhe.com/blogs/what-are-students-thinking-about-free-speech-now/ One of the defining features of “culture wars” is that the two sides can take completely opposing messages
- [Songs as Historical Sources – Margaret Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/songs-as-historical-sources-margaret-thatcher/) - Researching our new programme on Margaret Thatcher, it became clear to me that her influence touches on almost every aspect of British life. Selecting a small number of sources was difficult due to the sheer scope of her influence and how to convey it. We work hard to make sure that our sources not only
- [Where there is discord, will invoking Thatcher’s memory bring harmony?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/where-there-is-discord-will-invoking-thatchers-memory-bring-harmony/) - Following the bitter and drawn-out removal of Boris Johnson Prime Minister earlier this year, the Conservative Party found itself tussling over who the next leader would be. This led to the familiar sound of Thatcher and Thatcherism being invoked as the ultimate Conservative authority in all areas of policy and in the case of Liz
- [Black History Month in the US – teaching about race when it could cost you your job.](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/black-history-month-in-the-us/) - Our mission is to help teachers teach controversial history, so the challenge of teaching the history of race in the USA is one we have been thinking about for some time. We are very excited to have launched a new programme to coincide with Black History month in the USA. This introductory program covering four
- [What can two minutes of The Simpsons tell you about US perceptions of Cuba?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/what-can-two-minutes-of-the-simpsons-tell-you-about-us-perceptions-of-cuba/) - TV shows can tell us a lot about the relationships between different countries and societies. Placing a TV clip in the context of some basic knowledge about a country and its history can release a wealth of information that is otherwise easy to miss. Take this 2 minute clip of The Simpsons from 1998 in
- [Famous deaths, and how to use them in your lessons](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/famous-deaths-and-how-to-use-them-in-your-lessons/) - During 2022, we lost a number of prominent public figures. While students are familiar with Pele and the Queen, below this top tier, many other famous deaths are reported by the news. Students are likely to have seen these deaths on the news, but may not realise their significance, or understand why some these people
- [Why unionists and nationalists should not shy away from their competing views on past](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/why-unionists-and-nationalists-should-not-shy-away-from-their-competing-views-on-past/) - There’s no point in providing history students with an inoffensive curriculum, says Ruth Dudley Edwards This article first appeared in The Belfast Telegraph and www.ruthdudleyedwards.co.uk on 27th July 2020. Ruth Dudley Edwards is a journalist, crime fiction writer and biographer. Last month I saw a young woman on a TV news programme being asked if she
- [In Defence of Churchill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history/in-defence-of-churchill/) - Our Great Leaders videos examine the case for and against Churchill's status as the greatest Briton ever. Continuing our engagement with this debate, here Richard Langworth puts forward his defence of Churchill's legacy. Richard M. Langworth CBE has served as Senior Fellow for the Hillsdale College Churchill Project, publisher of Sir Winston’s official biography, since 2014.

## Pages

- [Parallel Histories- Our Mission](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/)
- [Recruitment](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/recruitment/) - Chair of Trustees Apply by 07/08/2026 Applications invited for the Chair of the Board of Trustees for Parallel Histories. Parallel Histories, the groundbreaking educational charity which supports the teaching of contested history in schools, is seeking a new Chair of the Board of Trustees. This unpaid role with a time commitment of approximately one day
- [En français](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/en-francais/)
- [Did the US Civil War result in freedoms for African-Americans?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/us-civil-war/) - Download the Source Pack here: Source Pack
- [Isolationism vs Internationalism](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/iso-vs-inter/) - Download the Source Pack here: Source Pack
- [US Classroom Resources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/usa/)
- [About Parallel Histories US](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/about-parallel-histories-us/)
- [Our US Leadership](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/usleadership/) - Colin Baker, CEO Parallel Histories US A native of Scotland, Colin Baker earned a M.A Honours in Politics and Modern History at the University of Edinburgh before moving to the US and earning a M.Sc.Ed in Secondary Education from Old Dominion University in Virginia. Since the early 2000s Colin has taught Advanced Placement European History
- [Patrons](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/patrons/) - David Blunkett, Baron Blunkett, PC served as Secretary of State for Education and Employment from 1997 to 2001, Home Secretary from 2001 to 2004 and Secretary of State for Works and Pensions in 2005. He served as Labour Member of Parliament for Sheffield Brightside from 1987 to 2015 and was appointed to the House of
- [US Team](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/us-team/) - PARALLEL HISTORIES: THE NEW WAY TO STUDY CONFLICT
- [Upcoming Events US](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/upcoming-events-us/)
- [US Teacher Training Webinar, August 2025](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/usttw25/)
- [Past Events US](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/past-events-us/)
- [National Council for Social Studies Conference, June 2025](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/ncssc25/)
- [Mount Vernon International Conference](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/mount-vernon/)
- [The 2024 Guardian/Observer Charity Appeal: Podcast on the work of Parallel Histories](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/guardian-partnership-copy/) - As part of our partnership with The Guardian and The Observer, journalists attended one of our debate programmes on the conflict in Israel/Palestine. Click on the image below to listen to the podcast they produced exploring our work from the viewpoints of students, teachers and Parallel Histories staff. Donate to the appeal here
- [Endorsement](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/endorsement/) - Michael Gove, Baron Gove, is a journalist and former Conservative politician who held senior Cabinet roles for much of the 2010s and early 2020s. He was the Member of Parliament for Surrey Heath from 2005 to 2024, and served as Secretary of State for Education from 2010 to 2014. "The mission of Parallel Histories to empower school students so
- [US School Debating](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/schooldebating-us/)
- [Training US](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/training-us/)
- [Teacher Training](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/teacher-training/)
- [US Ebook: Napoleon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/napoleon-ebook-us/)
- [Iran or the USA – who is responsible for enmity?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/iran-and-the-usa/)
- [The Cold War in the 1960s](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-cold-war-in-the-1960s/)
- [Have the goals of the Civil Rights Movement been achieved?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/civil-rights-movement/)
- [The Pursuit of Freedom](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-pursuit-of-freedom/)
- [Sign in](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sign-in-2/)
- [GETUIGENISSEN VAN BELGISCHE STUDENTEN](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/blogbe/)
- [In het Nederlands](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/in-het-nederlands/)
- [Michael Davies Memorial Debate 2025](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/school-booking-form/md-memorial-debate-2025/)
- [In Person Events](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/in-person-events/)
- [Belgische Debatten 2026](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/school-booking-form/belgium-debates-2026/)
- [Israël-Palestina](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/israel-palestina-lesuren/)
- [Getting Started](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/getting-started/) - Our teaching method is three steps; first, introduce students to the history of a conflict by exploring that history through its competing narratives, second, use lesson time for the students to learn exploring sources and third, develop students’ ability to create and challenge historical arguments through discussion and debate. Our eBooks are designed to
- [Stormont Debates 2025](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/school-booking-form/stormont-debates-2025/)
- [School Debating](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/school-debating/)
- [ITV Granada Coverage: April 2024](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/itv-granada-debate-coverage/) - We were thrilled to have one of our fantastic debate conferences covered by the team at ITV Granada. The debate day, hosted by Royal Lancaster Grammar School, brought children from across the North of England and Scotland together to debate the Israel/Palestine conflict, and the extent of success for the US Civil Rights Movement. Watch
- [Team](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team/) - Parallel Histories offers a new way to study the history of conflict – history which is still contested, controversial and relevant. Our teaching methodology challenges students to examine the source evidence and debate alternative interpretations before coming to their own view. These are skills which prepare young people to become active citizens in healthy
- [Our Trustees](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team/trustees/)
- [US Curriculum](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/us-curriculum/)
- [Educational Resources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/educational-resources/) - View our range of topics and materials below.
- [Educational Resources (Old)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/educational-resources-old/)
- [Booking form CPD](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/booking-form/)
- [Home](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/home/)
- [Ebook: Balfour Declaration](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/balfour-declaration-ebook/)
- [Parallel Histories Partner with The Guardian and The Observer for 2024 Charity Appeal](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/guardian-partnership/) - We are thrilled to announce that alongside War Child and Medecins Sans Frontiere we have been selected by The Guardian and The Observer as one of their 3 chosen charities for their 2024 appeal. Their theme for the appeal is conflict and the devstating impact it has upon lives across the globe. Full details of
- [Booking form online debating](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/school-booking-form/)
- [Ebook: The Cold War in the 1960s](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cold-war-1960s-ebook/)
- [Booking form Teacher Collaboration Group](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/booking-form-copy/)
- [In Memory of Our Founder Michael Davies](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/in-memory-of-our-founder-michael-davies/) - Remembering a man who positively impacted thousands, and established our charity with a vision for change in the classroom. We invite you to share your celebrations of his life here. It is with great sadness that we share the news that our Founder Michael Davies passed away on July 28th 2024. His tireless work with
- [Workshop pricing](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/workshop-pricing/) - Click to enlarge
- [Ebook: What are the historical causes of conflict between Hindus and Muslims from India and Pakistan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/conflict-hindus-muslims-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Union between England and Scotland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/union-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Putin and Ukraine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/putin-and-ukraine-ebook/)
- [Ebook: The Pursuit of Freedom](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-pursuit-of-freedom-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Have the goals of the Civil Rights Movement been achieved?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/civil-rights-movement-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Napoleon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/napoleon-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Éamon de Valera](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/de-valera-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Castro](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/castro-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/thatcher-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Stalin](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/stalin-ebook/)
- [Ebook:Churchill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/churchill-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Irish Music](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/irish-music-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Who is responsible for the slow progress of the peace process?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/who-is-responsible-for-the-slow-progress-of-the-peace-process-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Should the British government be praised or blamed for the partition of Ireland?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/partition-of-ireland-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Is the British Government responsible for the impact of the Great Famine?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-famine-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Have the actions of the British Government been the main cause of conflict?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/northern-ireland-complete-history-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Who is to blame for the failure of the Peace Process?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/failure-peace-process-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Were the Israelis justified in the use of force in the First Intifada?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/first-intifada-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Was Israel forced to begin the Six-Day War to protect itself from Arab aggression?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/six-day-war-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Should the Jewish armed forces be blamed for the forced dispossession of half the Arab population from their homes in Palestine in 1948?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/1948-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Should the British Government be blamed or praised for its handling of the Mandate in Palestine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/british-mandate-ebook/)
- [Ebook: Which group had the stronger claim to the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/complete-history-israel-palestine-ebook/)
- [Israel and Palestine Resources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/israel-and-palestine-resources/) - These resources are available in two formats. New ebooks Sample ebook:  Annual subscription cost: 1 ebook: £95 (discounted from £190) 2 ebooks: £190 (discounted from £380) Access to all our ebooks across all topics: £285 Original Videos These resources are free to use.
- [Our Co-Founders](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team/co-founders/)
- [Our team](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team/editorial-team/)
- [CEO announcement](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/new-ceo/) - Bill Rammell, former senior Labour government minister and university vice-chancellor, has been appointed chief executive of Parallel Histories, a highly successful charity dedicated to teaching the competing narratives in conflict situations. Mr Rammell, who has gained national and international experience in the educational, political and business sectors since he left government in 2010 will succeed
- [Ebook: What was the impact of the British Empire?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/empire-overview-ebook/)
- [S’inscrire à un atelier en ligne](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sinscrire-a-un-atelier/)
- [Formulaire de réservation](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/participer-a-un-debat/formulaire-de-reservation/)
- [School Testimonials](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/school-testimonals/)
- [Participating schools](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/participating-schools/)
- [Israel and Palestine Teacher Resources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/israel-and-palestine-teacher-resources/)
- [The Status Quo](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-status-quo/) - “I shall never concede any road improvements to these crazy Christians as they would then transform Jerusalem into a Christian madhouse.” Faud Pasha, the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, 1865 Whatever the shape of the ceasefire that eventually emerges between Israel and Hamas, it will almost certainly have done nothing to defuse one of
- [Putin and Ukraine resources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/putin-ukraine-resources/) - These resources are available in two formats. New ebooks Sample ebook: Annual subscription cost: 1 ebook: £95 (discounted from £190) 2 ebooks: £190 (discounted from £380) Access to all 24 ebooks across all topics: £285 Original Videos These resources are free to use.
- [Sectarian Conflicts](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/broadening-the-curriculum/)
- [Putin and Ukraine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/putin-and-ukraine/)
- [Union between England and Scotland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/union-between-england-and-scotland/) - These resources are available in two formats. New ebooks Sample ebook  Annual subscription cost: 1 ebook: £95 (discounted from £190) 2 ebooks: £190 (discounted from £380) Access to all 24 ebooks across all topics: £285 Original Videos These resources are free to use.
- [Great Leaders Resources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/great-leaders-resources/) - These resources are available in two formats. New ebooks Sample ebook:  Annual subscription cost: 1 ebook: £95 (discounted from £190) 2 ebooks: £190 (discounted from £380) Access to all 24 ebooks across all topics: £285 Original Videos These resources are free to use.
- [Northern Ireland Resources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/northern-ireland-resources/) - These resources are available in two formats. New ebooks Sample ebook  Annual subscription cost: 1 ebook: £95 (discounted from £190) 2 ebooks: £190 (discounted from £380) Access to all 24 ebooks across all topics: £285 Original Videos These resources are free to use.
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- [Have the actions of the British Government been the main cause of conflict?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/northern-ireland-complete-history/)
- [Balfour Declaration](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/balfour-declaration/)
- [Which group had the stronger claim to the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/which-group-had-the-stronger-claim-to-the-land-between-the-mediterranean-and-the-jordan/)
- [Map of Schools](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/map-of-schools/) - Parallel Histories offers a new way to study the history of conflict – history which is still contested, controversial and relevant. Our teaching methodology challenges students to examine the source evidence and debate alternative interpretations before coming to their own view. These are skills which prepare young people to become active citizens in healthy pluralistic
- [Israel and Palestine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/israel-and-palestine/)
- [Policies](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/policies/) - The following policies are available: Safeguarding Policy Privacy Policy Safeguarding Policy Purpose The purpose of this policy is to protect people, particularly children, at risk adults and beneficiaries of assistance, from any harm that may be caused due to their coming into contact with PARALLEL HISTORIES. This includes harm arising from: The conduct of staff
- [Churchill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/churchill/)
- [Israel-Palestine Extended study](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/israel-palestine-extended-study/)
- [Was Israel forced to begin the Six-Day War to protect itself from Arab aggression?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/six-day-war/)
- [Should the Jewish armed forces be blamed for the forced dispossession of half the Arab population from their homes in Palestine in 1948](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/should-jewish-armed-forces-be-blamed-for-the-forced-dispossession-of-half-the-arab-population-from-their-homes-in-palestine-in-1948-2/)
- [British Mandate](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/british-mandate/)
- [The First Intifada](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/first-intifada/)
- [The Failure of the Peace Process](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/failure-peace-process/)
- [Complete History](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/complete-history/)
- [The history of the USA told from European-American and African-American perspectives](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/history-of-the-usa/)
- [Great Leaders?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/great-leaders/)
- [Napoleon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/napoleon/)
- [Oliver Cromwell](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cromwell/)
- [Éamon de Valera](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/de-valera/)
- [Castro](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/castro/)
- [Stalin](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/stalin/)
- [Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/thatcher/)
- [Northern Ireland Extended study](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/northern-ireland-extended-study/)
- [Who is responsible for the slow progress of the peace process?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/who-is-responsible-for-the-slow-progress-of-the-peace-process/)
- [Irish Music](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/irish-music/)
- [Northern Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/northern-ireland/)
- [Is the British Government responsible for the impact of the Great Famine?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-famine/)
- [Should the British government be praised or blamed for the partition of Ireland?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/partition-of-ireland/)
- [What are the historical causes of conflict between Hindus and Muslims from India and Pakistan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/conflict-hindus-muslims/)
- [The French Algerian War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/french-algerian-war/)
- [Sunni-Shi’a Conflict](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sunni-shia-conflict/)
- [Teacher Training Testimonials](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/teacher-training-testimonals/)
- [Démarches pédagogiques](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/demarches-pedagogiques/) - COMMENT EXPLOITER PARALLEL HISTORIES EN CLASSE ? Vous trouverez ci-dessous une proposition de démarche pédagogique pour une séquence à mener en présentiel ou en distanciel avec vos élèves. Cette séquence a été pensée pour le programme de Terminale spécialité HGGSP mais peut être adaptée en fonction des besoins de vos élèves, peu importe le niveau ou
- [Participer à un débat](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/participer-a-un-debat/) - DÉBATS EN LIGNE OUVERTS A TOUS LES ELEVES, TOUTE FILIÈRE CONFONDUE La mise en débat est au cœur de la démarche Parallel Histories. Inscrivez vos élèves volontaires aux débats en ligne entre établissements de toute la France et d’Europe. L’objectif est de renforcer la confiance des élèves par la construction d’une argumentation historique en équipe.
- [Témoignages d’élèves](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/participer-a-un-debat/temoignages/)
- [Débats de fin d'année en ligne](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/participer-a-un-debat/debats-de-fin-dannee-en-ligne/)
- [Le conflit israélo-palestinien](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/israel-et-de-la-palestine/)
- [In the news](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/parallel-histories-in-the-news/)
- [On Parle De Nous](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/on-parle-de-nous/)
- [Register](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/register/)
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- [The Germans in Jerusalem](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-germans-in-jerusalem/) - Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany paraded into Jerusalem on 31st October 1898. The Dowager Russian Empress thought the parade was ‘revolting, perfectly ridiculous, disgusting’. Wilhelm had attracted the Dowager’s scorn for trying a bit too hard to make an impression. He may have been the first European head of state to visit Jerusalem since the
- [The Ottomans in Jerusalem](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-ottomans-in-jerusalem/) - “As a child I remember the city gates being closed at sunset every evening by city officials—mainly because there was fear of night raids by Bedouins. Whenever I would forget myself playing with my mates outside the walls, coming back we would find the gates closed. We would re-enter through a broken alcove located by
- [Jewish Communities in Jerusalem](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/jewish-communities-in-jerusalem/) - Moses Montefiore was more of a prophet than a reporter when he declared Jerusalem as ‘the city of our forefathers, the great and long-desired object of our wishes and journey’. Montefiore’s grasp of numbers (he had made his millions on the London Stock Exchange) must have escaped him when writing about his trip to Jerusalem
- [The British in Jerusalem](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-british-in-jerusalem/) - “ The fanatical Mufti of Nablus is not a learned man, and is considered a plebeian parvenu among the old Arab families of that town; at the same time a really learned man is living there whose ancestors for several generations have been muftis of Nablus, and he is a good friend of the Protestants. I
- [The Russians in Jerusalem](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-russians-in-jerusalem/) - Over 10,000 Russians went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem for Easter in 1911. Jerusalem only had 35,000 residents. The city’s population increased by a third for one week, and all for a scheme to maintain the authority of the Russian Monarchy- a monarchy that would fall six years later anyway. Most of those pilgrims were sincere
- [The French in Jerusalem](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/the-french-in-jerusalem/) - There are surprisingly few French government buildings in Jerusalem. France spent a lot of diplomatic, and indeed military, capital over Jerusalem in the nineteenth century. Yet the government did not bother to establish a physical presence in the city. French pilgrims and religious orders financed the construction of plenty of buildings in the nineteenth century
- [Post boxes and Power in Jerusalem](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-boxes-and-power-in-jerusalem/) - The Austrian post box was a dark royal blue with gold trim. It was also considerably larger than its main rival in the yellow German post box, an interesting admission by the Germans at lacking the same quantity of trade as the Austrians. This confession of inferiority was offset by flaunting its nationality through the
- [Blog](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/blog/) - Our blog page is open to anyone who would like to write about history that is controversial or contested.
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- [POLITIQUE DE CONFIDENTIALITE](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/politique-de-confidentialite/) - Qui sommes-nous ? L'adresse de notre site web est : https://parallelhistories.org.uk Commentaires Lorsque les visiteurs laissent des commentaires sur le site, nous recueillons les données indiquées dans le formulaire de commentaires, ainsi que l'adresse IP du visiteur et la chaîne d'agent utilisateur du navigateur pour faciliter la détection des spams. Une chaîne anonyme créée à
- [Northern Ireland Scheme of work](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/northern-ireland-scheme-of-work/)
- [England Scotland Union Scheme of work](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/union-1707-scheme-of-work/)
- [England Scotland Union Extended study](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/union-1707-extended-study/)
- [Ressources pour la classe Algérienne](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/ressources-en-classe-algerienne/) - ENSEIGNER LES MÉMOIRES DE LA GUERRE D'INDÉPENDANCE ALGÉRIENNE AVEC PARALLEL HISTORIES SEANCE D'INTRODUCTION - Utiliser Parallel Histories avec mes classes en Histoire Géographie et en Spécialité Histoire-Géographie-Géopolitique-Sciences Politiques.
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- [Plan de travail Algérienne](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/plan-de-travail-algerienne/)
- [La guerre d'indépendance Algérienne](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/la-guerre-dindependance-algerienne/) - Vous trouverez ci-dessous nos ressources en langue française dédiées à l’étude du la guerre d'indépendance algérienne. Ouverts à toutes et tous, ces contenus sont d’abord destinés à des fins pédagogiques. Ces vidéos interactives peuvent être consultées aussi bien individuellement qu’en groupes, chez vous ou en classe.
- [Nos vidéos préparatoires](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/nos-videos-preparatoires/)
- [Témoignages](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/atelier-en-ligne/temoignages/)
- [Qui sommes nous?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/qui-sommes-nous/) - QUI SOMMES NOUS? Portée des par des enseignants européens et soutenu par ERASMUS+, le British Council et le Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, Parallel Histories est un organisme à but non lucratif qui propose des études de conflits suscitant de vifs débats dans les salles de classe et dans la société comme le conflit israélo-palestinien ou
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## Memberships

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## Resources

- [Extended Study](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/extended-study/) - Transition Year History builds on the interest and enthusiasm for History acquired at Junior Cert level. These resources focus on evaluating sources and making arguments from evidence and each week includes a class debate. Transition Year students have the opportunity to debate with other students across the country and beyond, or to use these resources
- [The Failure of the Peace Process](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/peace-process-failure/) - Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat took first steps towards a permanent and comprehensive peace based on a Two State solution by signing the Oslo Accords in the mid 1990s. However, a quarter of a century later peace remains as elusive as ever. Is this the Palestinians’ fault for having unrealistic
- [The First Intifada](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/the-first-intifada/) - The uprising at the end of 1987 in Gaza and the West Bank, territories occupied by Israel after the Six-Day War, took both Palestinian and Israeli leadership by surprise. Were the Israelis justified in using necessary and proportionate measures to restore order, or was their use of force, which included beatings and shootings, to repress
- [The Six-Day War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/the-six-day-war/) - In 1967 Israel launched a surprise attack on Syria, Egypt and Jordan and won a comprehensive victory. Was Israel forced to do this because it was threatened by imminent invasion from its more numerous Arab neighbours? Or was Israel’s attack an aggressive move to seize more Arab land for itself?
- [1948](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/1948/) - The withdrawal of Britain in 1947 led to war between Arabs and Jews in Palestine, at the end of which over half the Arab population had left their homes, never to return. Should we blame Jewish armed forces for the forced dispossession of Palestinians? Or should we blame Arab leadership for starting the war and
- [British Mandate](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/british-mandate/) - At the end of the First World War, when the Ottoman empire collapsed in 1918, the League of Nations awarded authority (Mandate) over the area to Britain. Should the British government be praised for its efforts to maintain peace between two irreconcilable groups who refused to compromise? Or should it be blamed for always putting
- [Has the Union been Good or Bad for Scotland?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/has-the-union-been-good-or-bad-for-scotland/) - In 1707, the Scottish parliament, in passing the Union with England Act, voted to abolish itself. But three hundred years later, the majority of Scottish MPs who sit in the British parliament are demanding an end to the Union with England and the revival of Scotland as an independent nation. Was the Union a brilliant
- [Joseph Stalin](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/joseph-stalin/) - Stalin’s historical reputation has waxed and waned perhaps more than anyone else’s. In the West he has been a foe in the 1930s, a friend and ally in the 1940s, and a foe again at the end of World War Two. At home he has been seen as both a tyrant and a national saviour;
- [The US Civil Rights Movement](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/civil-rights/) - Beginning in the 1950s, the US Civil Rights Movement led to Supreme Court decisions and landmark legislation that promised to end legalized segregation, racial discrimination, and provide equal opportunities for millions of Americans. But recent court decisions have overturned affirmative action laws and in the wake of the 2020 elections, many states have enacted laws
- [The Civil War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/us-civil-war/) - On June 19, 1865, two months after the surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox, the final order of emancipation informed the people of Texas that all enslaved people were free, marking the end of slavery the United States. Though the Union victory at the end of the American Civil War gave legal freedom to over
- [Hindu/Muslim Conflict](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/hindu-muslim/) - Tension between Hindus and Muslims from India and Pakistan is growing. The states of India and Pakistan have attacked the treatment of each other’s minority communities, and they have a territorial dispute over Kashmir. This regional dispute has become international, with diaspora communities fighting each other, as happened in September 2022 in Leicester following a
- [Irish Music](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/the-peace-process-copy/) - At the heart of so many long standing conflicts are issues of competing national identity. Opposing political goals bring communities into conflict - but ultimately those can be negotiated. It’s harder to reconcile cultural conflict. In Northern Ireland, music, and musical celebrations play a huge part in reinforcing the cultural identity of nationalists and unionists.
- [Putin and Ukraine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/putin-and-ukraine/) - Is Putin’s interpretation of history wrong? Under Putin’s rule, Stalin has gradually been rehabilitated. This has entailed a rewriting of Russian history emphasising Stalin’s role in defending the ancient territories of the Russian speaking world, and Putin’s role as his spiritual successor. It is this re-envisioning of Putin as ‘Putin the Protector’ which drives the
- [Éamon de Valera](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/de-valera/) - Éamon de Valera has a complex legacy. He is one of Ireland's greatest statesmen, and his long political career defined Ireland's politics following independence. As a participant in the Easter Rising and President of Dáil Éireann during the Anglo-Irish War, his dedication to Irish independence cannot be questioned. However, his role in the Irish Civil
- [Napoleon Bonaparte](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/napoleon-bonaparte/) - Napoleon Bonaparte remains an influential and hugely controversial figure to this day. He was a military leader and revolutionary who established new European states, while his Napoleonic code spread revolutionary ideas that challenged the prevailing feudal political, social and economic systems. However, his absolute control led to a loss of the personal freedoms gained during
- [Margaret Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/margaret-thatcher/) - Margaret Thatcher remains a divisive figure. Her supporters argue that she relaunched the British economy, restored British pride and not only that, she was an early advocate for taking actions to prevent climate change. Her critics argue that she destroyed British manufacturing, sold off key utilities such as water and gas, supported repressive regimes abroad
- [Fidel Castro](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/fidel-castro-2/) - The longest-serving non-royal head of state in the 20th and 21st centuries, Castro polarized opinion throughout the world. His supporters view him as a champion of socialism and anti-imperialism whose revolutionary government advanced economic and social justice while securing Cuba's independence from US influence. Critics call him a dictator whose administration oversaw human rights abuses,
- [The Peace Process](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/the-peace-process/) - The Good Friday Agreement in 1997 largely brought an end to ‘The Troubles’ as the inter-communal violence in Northern Ireland had been dubbed. However, a quarter of century later the progress of the peace process now seems painfully slow. Protestant unionists blame Catholic nationalists for being too slow to give up the threat of a
- [The Partition of Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/the-partition/) - The partition of Ireland took place in 1922 and divided the island into two. A new Protestant majority state which remained part of the United Kingdom was made up of six northern counties. The rest of Ireland became a new independent Catholic majority state. Britain claimed partition was the only solution to prevent civil war
- [The Balfour Declaration](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/the-balfour-declaration/) - In 1917, Arthur Balfour in the British government wrote to Lord Rothschild, the leader of British Jews, promising to support the establishment of a national home for Jews in Palestine. Was this a great humanitarian gesture which offered a place of safety for a long-persecuted minority? Or was this an act of imperial arrogance which
- [The Famine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/the-famine/) - The Great Famine of 1845-1851 killed over a million Irish people in all parts of Ireland, but it impacted the Catholic majority regions worst of all. For Catholic nationalists this event, known in Irish as Gorta Mor, came to symbolise everything bad about British rule and fuelled the struggle for independence. The British government viewed
- [The Cold War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/the-cold-war/) - The Cold War was a period of international tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, unfolding after World War II and lasting until 1991. Waged on political, economic, and propaganda fronts, the Cold War remains not only a critical part of recent history, but very important for understanding the
- [Isolationism vs Internationalism](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/isolationism-vs-internationalism/) - Isolationism vs Internationalism. Did Staying Out or Stepping In Make Americans Safer? Update 28/7/26: All our materials, including Israel/Palestine and the upcoming British Empire series are now included in our 'All Access' package. We are updating the website to reflect this, but in the meantime you can sign up here: https://parallelhistories.org.uk/register/parallel-histories-all-access/ (you will need an account
- [The Complete History](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/the-complete-history/) - This programme explains the fundamental causes of the conflict and examines the history of Northern Ireland as part of the longer history of Anglo-Irish relations. It introduces the idea that viewing of history from both a Catholic/Irish/nationalistic perspective, and a Protestant/British/unionist perspective is essential to understanding the cause of conflict and its longevity.
- [Winston Churchill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/winston-churchill/) - Churchill has been voted as the greatest Briton ever in online polls, based on his role in leading British resistance to the Nazis in World War Two. However, he has also received criticism for his attitudes to race and his resistance to giving India independence. Perhaps because of his fame he has become the focal
- [The Complete History](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/complete-history-ip/) - Both Jews and Arabs lay historical claims to this land. This programme explains the history of the land across three millennia from the land of Canaan in the late Bronze Age, through conquest by the Romans, Arabs, Ottomans, and British, up to the present day.
- [The Pursuit of Freedom](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/pursuit-of-freedom/) - For over two centuries America has proudly called itself ‘The Land of the Free.’ While the history of the USA has been driven by the pursuit of liberty, there is significant difference in the definition and understanding of this history among Americans today. For African Americans, the pursuit of freedom was, and is, a struggle
- [Israel/Palestine Coursework Materials](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/resources/i-p-cw/) - Coursework If you are teaching History at A Level, International Baccalaureate or Scottish Advanced Highers, this resource will help your students with any of: Coursework (Edexcel) Historical Investigation (AQA) Thematic study and historical interpretations, and the Topic Based Essay (OCR) Project Dissertation (Advanced Highers) Historical Investigation (IB) The presentation: - maps out the historiography of

## Overviews

- [Isolationism vs Internationalism](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/isolationism-vs-internationalism-2/)
- [Treffen de Joodse gewapende groeperingen schuld aan het vluchtelingenprobleem dat ontstond in 1948 in Palestina?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/1948-in-palestina/) - Toen de Britten het mandaatgebied Palestina verlieten in 1947 braken er gewapende conflicten uit tussen de plaatselijke Arabische en Joodse bevolking. Tegen het einde van deze oorlog was meer dan de helft van de Arabische bevolking hun huizen ontvlucht, om nooit meer terug te keren. Zijn de Joodse gewapende krachten verantwoordelijk voor het ontstaan van
- [Israel – Palestina: een lange geschiedenis…](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/israel-palestina-een-lange-geschiedenis/) - Deze video richt zich tot leerlingen en leerkrachten die willen kennismaken met de geschiedenis van de regio op lange termijn perspectief. We tonen deze verhaallijn gezien vanuit de Israëlische en de Palestijnse bril.
- [Did the US Civil War result in freedom for African-Americans?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/civil-rights-movement-ebook-copy-copy/)
- [Ebook: Empire Overview](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/ebook-empire-overview/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: What was the impact of the British Empire Source Pack
- [Israel-Palestine Teacher Resources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/israel-palestine-teacher-resources/)
- [Ebook: What has driven the pursuit of freedom in US history](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/freedom-usa-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [What has driven the pursuit of freedom in the US?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/freedom-usa/)
- [US Ebook: The Cold War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/cold-war-ebook-us/)
- [US Ebook: Napoleon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/napoleon-ebook-us/)
- [Ebook: What are the historical causes of conflict between Hindus and Muslims from India and Pakistan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/conflict-between-hindus-and-muslims-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Have the goals of the Civil Rights Movement been achieved?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/civil-rights-movement-ebook-copy/)
- [Ebook: Putin and Ukraine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/putin-and-ukraine-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack You can also read our blog post about Russia's parallel histories here, and Putin's past relationship with NATO here.
- [Ebook: Has the Union been good or bad for Scotland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/union-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Complete History Source Pack
- [Ebook: The Cold War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/cold-war-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Ebook: Have the goals of the Civil Rights Movement been achieved?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/civil-rights-movement-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Ebook: Napoleon - was he a great leader?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/napoleon-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Ebook: Éamon de Valera](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/eamon-de-valera-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Ebook: Should the British Government be blamed for its handling of the Mandate in Palestine?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/ebook-mandate-in-palestine/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: British Mandate in Palestine Source Pack
- [Ebook: Should Jewish armed forces be blamed for the forced dispossession of half the Arab population from their homes in Palestine in 1948?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/ebook-1948/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: 1948 Source Pack
- [Ebook: Was Israel forced to begin the Six-Day War to protect itself from Arab aggression?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/ebook-1967/) -  Printable Resources Download our source pack here: 1967 Source Pack
- [Ebook: Who is to blame for the failure of the peace process?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/ebook-israel-palestine-peace-process/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Peace Process Source Pack
- [Ebook: Fidel Castro](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/castro-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Ebook: Stalin](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/stalin-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack You can also read our blog posts offering a range of perspectives on Stalin, here and here.
- [Ebook: Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/thatcher-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack You can also read our blog posts offering different perspectives on Thatcher, here, here and here
- [Ebook: Churchill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/churchill-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack You can also read our blog posts that summarise the cases for and against Winston Churchill.
- [Ebook: The parallel musical traditions of Nationalists and Unionists in Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/music-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Lyrics
- [Ebook: Who is responsible for the slow progress of the Peace Process?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/peace-process-northern-ireland-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Ebook: Should the British Government be praised or blamed for the partition of Ireland?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/partition-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Ebook: Is the British Government responsible for the impact of the Great Famine?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/famine-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Ebook: Have the actions of the British Government been the main cause of conflict?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/northern-ireland-complete-history-ebook/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Source Pack
- [Ebook: Were the Israelis justified in the use of force in the First Intifada?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/ebook-first-intifada/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: First Intifada Source Pack
- [Ebook: Balfour Declaration](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/ebook-balfour-declaration-2/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Balfour Declaration Source Pack
- [Ebook: Which group had the stronger claim to the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/ebook-complete-history-israel-palestine/) - Printable Resources Download our source pack here: Complete History Source Pack
- [Which group had the stronger claim to the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/which-group-had-the-stronger-claim-to-the-land-between-the-mediterranean-and-the-jordan/) - Both Jews and Arabs lay historical claims to this land. This programme explains the history of the land across three millennia from the land of Canaan in the late Bronze Age, through conquest by the Romans, Arabs, Ottomans, and British, up to the present day.
- [Who is to blame for the failure of the peace process?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/who-is-to-blame-for-the-failure-of-the-peace-process/) - Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat took first steps towards a permanent and comprehensive peace based on a Two State solution by signing the Oslo Accords in the mid 1990s. However, a quarter of a century later peace remains as elusive as ever. Is this the Palestinians’ fault for having unrealistic
- [Should the British Government be praised or blamed for the Balfour Declaration?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/should-the-british-government-be-praised-or-blamed-for-the-balfour-declaration/) - In 1917, Lord Balfour in the British government wrote to Lord Rothschild, the leader of British Jews, promising to support the establishment of a national home for Jews in Palestine. Was this a great humanitarian gesture which offered a place of safety for a long-persecuted minority? Or was this an act of imperial arrogance which
- [Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/thatcher/) - Here are some further reading suggestions, covering a range of interpretations: Beynon, H. and Hudson R., The Shadow of the Mine (2021) Campbell, J., Margaret Thatcher: The Grocer’s Daughter (2001) Campbell, J., Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady (2003) Cannadine, D., Margaret Thatcher: A Life and Legacy (2017) Charmley, J., History of Conservative Politics since 1830
- [Should Jewish armed forces be blamed for the forced dispossession of half the Arab population from their homes in Palestine in 1948?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/should-jewish-armed-forces-be-blamed-for-the-forced-dispossession-of-half-the-arab-population-from-their-homes-in-palestine-in-1948-2/) - The withdrawal of Britain in 1947 led to war between Arabs and Jews in Palestine, at the end of which over half the Arab population had left their homes, never to return. Should we blame Jewish armed forces for the forced dispossession of Palestinians? Or should we blame Arab leadership for starting the war and
- [The parallel musical traditions of Nationalists and Unionists in Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/the-parallel-musical-traditions-of-nationalists-and-unionists-in-ireland/)
- [Should the British Government be blamed for its handling of the Mandate in Palestine?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/should-the-british-government-be-blamed-for-its-handling-of-the-mandate-in-palestine/) - At the end of the First World War, when the Ottoman empire collapsed in 1918, the League of Nations awarded authority (Mandate) over the area to Britain. Should the British government be praised for its efforts to maintain peace between two irreconcilable groups who refused to compromise? Or should it be blamed for always putting
- [Was Israel forced to begin the Six-Day War to protect itself from Arab aggression?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/was-israel-forced-to-begin-the-six-day-war-to-protect-itself-from-arab-aggression/) - In 1967 Israel launched a surprise attack on Syria, Egypt and Jordan and won a comprehensive victory. Was Israel forced to do this because it was threatened by imminent invasion from its more numerous Arab neighbours? Or was Israel’s attack an aggressive move to seize more Arab land for itself?
- [Were the Israelis justified in the use of force in the First Intifada?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/were-the-israelis-justified-in-the-use-of-force-in-the-first-intifada/) - The uprising at the end of 1987 in Gaza and the West Bank, territories occupied by Israel after the Six-Day War, took both Palestinian and Israeli leadership by surprise. Were the Israelis justified in using necessary and proportionate measures to restore order, or was their use of force, which included beatings and shootings, to repress
- [Iran or the USA - who is responsible for enmity?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/iran-and-the-usa/) - Further reading: Michael Axworthy, A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind (2016) Kim Ghattas, Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Rivalry That Unravelled the Middle East (2020) Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power (2009) The Rest is History podcast episode 'Iran: England - 'The Little Satan''
- [Napoleon - was he a great leader?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/napoleon/) - Here are some further reading suggestions, covering a range of interpretations: Alexander, R. S. (2001) Napoleon. London; New York: Arnold. Co-published in the USA by Oxford University Press. Bell, D A (2015) Napoleon: A Concise Biography, Oxford University Press Blaufarb, R. (2007) Napoleon: A Symbol for an Age: A Brief History with Documents, Bedford St Martin Broers,
- [Oliver Cromwell](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/oliver-cromwell/) - Further reading: Gentles, I. (2001) Oliver Cromwell: God's Warrior and the English Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan Gaunt, P. (2004) Oliver Cromwell. New York University Press. Ó Siochrú, M. (2009) God's Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland. Faber. Pestana, C.G. (2017) The English Conquest of Jamaica: Oliver Cromwell's Bid for Empire. Belknap Press of Harvard
- [Éamon de Valera](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/eamon-de-valera/) - Further reading: Diarmaid Ferriter, Judging Dev: A Reassessment of the Life and Legacy of Eamon de Valera (2007) Tim Pat Coogan, Eamon de Valera: The Man Who Was Ireland (1993) T. Ryle Dwyer, Big Fellow, Long Fellow: A Joint Biography of Collins and de Valera (1998) Eds. J.P. O'Carroll and John A Murphy De Valera and
- [Fidel Castro](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/castro/)
- [Stalin](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/stalin/) - Here are some further reading suggestions, covering a range of interpretations: Robert Tucker, Stalin in Power (1990) Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography (1949) O Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia (2007) S S Montefiore Stalin, The Court of the Red Tsar (2003) Sheila Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants (1994) Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility
- [Churchill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/churchill/) - Here are some further reading suggestions, covering a range of interpretations: Andrew Roberts, Churchill: Walking with Destiny (2018) Richard Toye, Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (2010) Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II (2013) William Manchester, The
- [Have the actions of the British Government been the main cause of conflict?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/have-the-actions-of-the-british-government-been-the-main-cause-of-conflict/)
- [Is the British Government responsible for the impact of the Great Famine?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/is-the-british-government-responsible-for-the-impact-of-the-great-fane/)
- [Should the British Government be praised or blamed for the partition of Ireland?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/should-the-british-government-be-praised-or-blamed-for-the-partition-of-ireland/)
- [Who is responsible for the slow progress of the Peace Process?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/who-is-responsible-for-the-slow-progress-of-the-peace-process/)
- [Sunni-Shi'a Conflict](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/sunni-shia-conflict/) - This short video explains the causes and consequences of the split between two main branches of Islam, Sunni and Shi’a
- [What are the historical causes of conflict between Hindus and Muslims from India and Pakistan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/conflict-between-hindus-and-muslims/) - Tension between Hindus and Muslims from India and Pakistan is growing. The states of India and Pakistan have attacked the treatment of each other’s minority communities, and they have a territorial dispute over Kashmir. This regional dispute has become international, with diaspora communities fighting each other, as happened in September 2022 in Leicester following a
- [Putin and Ukraine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/putin-and-ukraine/) - Is Putin’s interpretation of history wrong? Under Putin’s rule, Stalin has gradually been rehabilitated. This has entailed a rewriting of Russian history emphasising Stalin’s role in defending the ancient territories of the Russian speaking world, and Putin’s role as his spiritual successor. It is this re-envisioning of Putin as 'Putin the Protector' which drives the
- [The French Algerian War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/the-french-algerian-war/) - The war between Algeria and France was brutal and has left a lasting legacy in both countries. It took until 1999 for a French government to accept that it was indeed a war of independence rather than a secessionist rebellion. This video explains the war from both the Algerian and the French perspectives. Some familiarity
- [Is it fair to blame Dundas for delaying the abolition of the slave trade?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/is-it-fair-to-blame-dundas-for-delaying-the-abolition-of-the-slave-trade/) - Dundas (Lord Melville) was a Scottish politician who wielded great power in both Scotland and England in the 1780s and 90s and was honoured with monuments and place names. But should we now change how he’s commemorated given the role he played in the defeat of the 1792 Bill to Abolish the Slave Trade?
- [Did the national identity of people living in Scotland after 1707 become more British?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/did-the-national-identity-of-people-living-in-scotland-after-1707-become-more-british/) - In 1707, the Scottish parliament, in passing the Union with England Act, voted to abolish itself. But three hundred years later, the majority of Scottish MPs who sit in the British parliament are demanding an end to the Union with England and the revival of Scotland as an independent nation. Why after three centuries are
- [Did people in Scotland after 1707 benefit from the Union with England?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/did-people-in-scotland-after-1707-benefit-from-the-union-with-england/) - The current debate about Scottish independence draws heavily on competing narratives of how well Scotland fared in the Union. Was the Union a brilliant merger which allowed Scotland to take an outsized share of the wealth and power created by the British Empire? Or was it a hostile takeover which allowed England to subjugate the
- [Does the UK’s decision to leave the EU (Brexit) justify a second referendum?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/does-the-uks-decision-to-leave-the-eu-brexit-justify-a-second-referendum/) - On 31st January 2020, Britain left the European Union. Yet, 62% of the Scottish people had voted in June 2016 that Britain should remain. Does this divergence justify Scottish demands for independence, following in the footsteps of the USA in 1776, Ireland in 1919, or India in 1948? Or does the earlier referendum on independence
- [Faut-il une reconnaissance officielle de l'Etat Français du 17 octobre 1961 pour apaiser les mémoires?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/les-recits-paralleles-de-la-guerre-dindependance-algerienne-2/)
- [Des histoires inscrites sur temps long](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/des-histoires-inscrites-dans-le-temps-long/) - Cette vidéo s’adresse d’abord à une audience - étudiants ou professeurs- désireuse de s’initier à l’histoire de la région sur le temps long, à la fois par le prisme israélien et palestinien. Cette vidéo introductive permet d’envisager l’enracinement des mémoires de chaque partie sur le temps long de l’histoire, pour mieux légitimer son existence et
- [Qui est responsable de l’exode des arabes palestiniens lors de la première  guerre israélo-arabe (1948-1949) ?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/qui-est-responsable-de-lexode-des-arabes-palestiniens-lors-de-la-premiere-guerre-israelo-arabe-1948-1949/) - Le plan de partage de la Palestine mandataire en novembre 1947 par les Nations-Unies allume la mèche de la guerre civile palestinienne entre Juifs et Arabes. Au lendemain de la déclaration d’indépendance d’Israël le 14 mai 1948, le conflit prend une dimension régionale avec l’entrée en guerre des Etats arabes voisins. Aujourd’hui, pour les Israéliens,
- [Qui est responsable de l’échec du processus de paix israélo-palestinien  (depuis 1993)?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/qui-est-responsable-de-lechec-du-processus-de-paix-israelo-palestinien-depuis-1993/) - Les dernières années du XXe siècle ont vu la fin pacifique de conflits majeurs. La Guerre froide a pris fin tout comme l'apartheid en Afrique du Sud et nationalistes et loyalistes ont progressivement déposé les armes en Irlande du Nord. Au Moyen-Orient, les accords de paix d'Oslo en 1993 et 1995 sous le patronage de
- [Les récits parallèles de la guerre  d'indépendance Algérienne](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/overview/les-recits-paralleles-de-la-guerre-dindependance-algerienne/) - Cette vidéo s’adresse d’abord à une audience - étudiants ou professeurs- désireuse de s’initier à l’histoire du conflit en proposant un bref aperçu de l’histoire de la région au travers de récits parallèles et concurrents.

## Extend Study

- [Coursework](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/coursework/) - If you are teaching History at A Level, International Baccalaureate or Scottish Advanced Highers, this resource will help your students with any of: Coursework (Edexcel) Historical Investigation (AQA) Thematic study and historical interpretations, and the Topic Based Essay (OCR) Project Dissertation (Advanced Highers) Historical Investigation (IB) The presentation: maps out the historiography of the conflict
- [Coursework](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/coursework-2/) - If you are teaching History at A Level, International Baccalaureate or Scottish Advanced Highers, this resource will help your students with any of: Coursework (Edexcel), Historical Investigation (AQA), Thematic study and historical interpretations, and the Topic Based Essay (OCR), Project Dissertation (Advanced Highers), Historical Investigation (IB) The presentation: maps out the historiography of the conflict
- [Further reading](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/further-reading/) - A good place to begin your further reading is with our blog posts on Israel-Palestine, found here and here. Here are some further reading suggestions, covering a range of interpretations: The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (edited by Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim)- a collection of essays on the main actors
- [Fatah Hamas Conflict](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/fatah-hamas-conflict/) - This short video explains the causes and consequences of the split between two main Palestinian groups; Fatah who govern in the West Bank and Hamas who govern in Gaza.
- [Video Archive](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/video-archive/) - Here you can find the first set of videos we made about the Israeli-Palestine conflict. These videos have the same dual narrative structure, but they go into much greater depth and detail, and have an even wider range of sources of evidence. They could be useful to A level students and students in their first
- [The History of Jerusalem Blog](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/the-history-of-jerusalem-blog/) - Parallel Histories editor Joshua Hillis travelled in Israel and the West Bank in June and July 2019, as part of a Churchill Fellowship. This blog series about the history of Jerusalem came out of his travels. Post boxes and Power in Jerusalem It may be somewhat ludicrous that the most powerful countries in the nineteenth
- [Sunni-Shi'a Conflict](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/sunni-shia-conflict/) - This short video explains the causes and consequences of the split between two main branches of Islam, Sunni and Shi’a.
- [Transition Year History / Stair na hIdirbhliana](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/transition-year-history-stair-na-hidirbhliana/) - Transition Year History builds on the interest and enthusiasm for History acquired at Junior Cert level. These lessons focus on evaluating sources and making arguments from evidence and each week includes a class debate. Transition Year students have the opportunity to debate with other students across the country and beyond. Tógann Stair na hIdirbhliana
- [Further reading](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/further-reading-4/) - Here are some further reading suggestions, covering a range of interpretations: Churchill Andrew Roberts, Churchill: Walking with Destiny (2018) Richard Toye, Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (2010) Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II (2013) William Manchester,
- [Further reading](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/further-reading-3/) - Here are some further reading suggestions, covering a range of interpretations: Tom Devine, Independence or Union: Scotland's Past and Scotland's Present (2016) Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Invention of Scotland (2008) Colin Kidd, Union and Unionisms: Political Thought in Scotland, 1500–2000 (2010) Jean McNicol, ‘The Atmosphere of the Clyde: Red Clydeside’, London Review of Books, link Ben Jackson, ‘The
- [Further reading](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/extend_study/further-reading-2/) - Here are some further reading suggestions, covering a range of interpretations: Patrick Sarsfield O’Hegarty, A history of Ireland under the Union 1801-1922 (1952) F.S.L Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine (1971) Tim Pat Coogan, The Famine Plot: England’s Role in Ireland’s Greatest Tragedy (2012) Ronan Fanning, Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution, 1910-1922 (2012)

## Team Members

- [Nathaniel Archer](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/nathaniel-archer/)
- [Hugh Castle](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/hugh-castle/) - I have been involved with Parallel Histories since the start, helping develop the dual narrative approach, piloting early materials in schools and leading Erasmus programmes. I also served as Chair of Trustees for six years. Over the last ten years, I have seen the benefits of the Parallel Histories approach in schools in many settings;
- [Pauline Chaloff](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/pauline-chaloff-2/) - COO, Parallel Histories US Pauline Chaloff has taught World History, Modern World History and AP World History at public high schools in the Boston suburbs for 16 years. She currently teaches at Needham High School where she teaches Modern World History. In addition to her work in education, she works as a freelance writer and
- [Bill Rammell](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/bill-rammell/) - I've surprised myself when I think back over my education and career, about the extent to which this new role as CEO of Parallel Histories is the culmination of a lifetime’s work and interest. As someone who grew up in a council house and was the first in my family to go to university, I
- [Bill Rammell](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/bill-rammell-2/) - In 1997 Bill was elected as Labour MP for Harlow. Bill went on to serve as a senior minister at the Foreign Office, the MOD and as Higher Education Minister. After losing his seat in Harlow in 2010 in 2011 Bill became Deputy Vice Chancellor at Plymouth University (Internationalisation and the Student Experience) and in 2012
- [Callum Male](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/callum-male/) - I have always been interested in History, and how an education in History prepares us for current debates by developing skills in analytical and critical thinking, as well as making us more empathetic, for figures in the past as well as contemporaries. I studied History at the University of Birmingham where I am also currently
- [Steve Payne](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/steve-payne/) - After starting his working life serving his apprenticeship in mechanical engineering, Steve built his career on the back of helping organizations attain their full potential; both the clients he partnered with and organizations he led. After entering the world of management consulting in 1990, Steve held significant roles in global professional service firms, becoming the
- [Colin Baker](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/colin-baker-2/) - CEO, Parallel Histories US A native of Scotland, Colin Baker earned a M.A Honours in Politics and Modern History at the University of Edinburgh before moving to the US and earning a M.Sc.Ed in Secondary Education from Old Dominion University in Virginia. Since the early 2000s Colin has taught Advanced Placement European History in Virginia,
- [Jo Berry](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/jo-berry/)
- [David Blunkett](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/david-blunkett/)
- [Meredith Cann](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/meredith-evans/) - My journey with Parallel Histories started in 2020 as a history teacher working in East London. I fell in love with the charity through delivering the Israel/Palestine scheme of work, and through the fantastic debate opportunities they presented for students. Three years later, and I have joined the team to become part of what I
- [Carys Davies](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/carys-davies/) - As Michael’s wife, I’ve been closely involved in Parallel Histories from the beginning – from the long discussions with him over the kitchen table about how the Middle East was no longer being taught in schools, to the time we spent in the West Bank and Jerusalem where he began developing the dual narrative approach;
- [Paul Franek](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/paul-franek/) - I am very supportive of Parallel Histories. I remain fully committed to the charity and to my role on the Board of Trustees; I find myself talking about this role increasingly widely with my friends and contacts and the role that we are playing in building empathy across a spectrum of people approaching these difficult
- [Clare O'Sullivan](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/clare-osullivan/) - I am the Head of School Development and Managing at the PTI (Prince’s Teaching Institute). I was an English teacher, AST and Deputy Headteacher for over 20 years working closely with the PTI as course designer for NTSDs and the English Residential Course. In 2018 I was seconded by the PTI as Head of Education
- [Steve Archer](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/steve-archer/) - I have been fortunate to look, listen and learn in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, in Bosnia and in different communities across England, about the impact of inherited history and witness the power of education to breakdown the rhetoric of grievance and justification for conflict. I have had the valuable experience of
- [Brian Whelan](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/brian-whelan/) - I’ve always been a firm believer that our main job as educators is to facilitate student learning, rather than smothering students through traditional teaching methods. Mass changes at Junior level in the Irish education system have left students, for the most part, unchallenged and unfilled. Thankfully the History curriculum (at Junior level) has undergone significant
- [Colette Mazzucelli](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/colette-mazzucelli/) - I am Professor Colette Mazzucelli, MALD, EdM, PhD and I teach courses in conflict resolution, radicalization & religion, international relations in the post-Cold War era and ethnic conflict and am a recipient of the NYU SPS Excellence in Teaching Award 2013. A Fulbright Scholar to France (1991) and Germany (2007), I am the author and/or
- [Zameer Hussain](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/zameer-hussain/) - I am a Religious Education teacher secondary school in Essex, and I have been Head of Department since 2014. I also serve on the National Association of Teachers of Religious Education (NATRE) Executive Committee. I have represented RE teachers, and Shi'a Muslims, in different contexts including at seminars for grant making trusts, in the House
- [Nicolas Graham](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/nicolas-graham/) - I currently teach a 10th grade modern world history course at an independent secondary school for girls in Los Angeles, California. I began my teaching career in an outer London secondary school, before becoming Head of Department at a boys’ independent school in Shepperton, London. As the descendant of refugees from the Spanish Civil War,
- [Jonny Erskine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/jonny-erskine/) - My name is Jonny Erskine and I am a teacher of History and Politics and a Head of Year at Banbridge Academy, County Down Northern Ireland. I am really excited to be awarded a teaching fellowship with Parallel Histories studying the partition of the island of Ireland in this centenary year. Over the last few
- [Teresa Cullinan and Michael Bennett](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/teresa-cullinan-and-michael-bennett/) - I am Teresa Cullinan, and my colleague Michael Bennett and I are History teachers at St Genevieve’s High School, Belfast. We are delighted to take part in Parallel Histories. Although we have studied the topic of partition before we're looking forward to studying it from a different perspective. The topic itself is very controversial and
- [Ann-Laure Liéval](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/ann-laure-lieval-2/) - Hello, I’m Ann-Laure Liéval and I am a History and Geography teacher in Lille, France. I am part of the Parallel Histories team where my role is to develop teaching material about the Algerian War of Independence. Of course, I also use Parallel Histories resources in my classes; students prepare debates using primary and secondary
- [Lou Gallo](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/lou-gallo/) - My name is Lou Gallo and I teach AP European History, AP US History, and IB History at Dwight Global Online School and West High School in Knoxville, TN. Additionally, I am a US and European history consultant for the AP program. I have started using Parallel Histories in my own classroom and look forward
- [Bobbi Rodriguez](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/bobbi-rodriguez/) - I am the Social Studies Curriculum Coordinator for a school district in Central Texas. Before taking on this role, I spent 12 years as a high school social studies teacher, focusing mostly on AP US History and AP US Government. My professional passion is to build curricular resources that support teachers and students in the
- [Patricia Laurence](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/patricia-laurence/) - Before moving to a position as an Instructional Specialist for Distance Learning, I spent 19 years as a secondary social studies teacher in Virginia Beach Public Schools. I focused mainly on Modern World and Advanced Placement European History, and I served as a sponsor for a Model UN club and a reader for the AP
- [Craig J. Perrier](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/craig-j-perrier/) - I am an educational thought leader and practitioner with 20 years of experience in K-16 education at the school, state, international, and federal levels. I am a goal driven, creative, and reflective professional who successfully connects and inspires individuals and groups in a variety of settings and with a range of stakeholders. I believe in
- [Linda Burns](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/linda-burns/) - I am a history teacher at Oak Park and River Forest High School in Oak Park, Illinois where I have taught AP European History, AP US History, and World History. While on leave from 2014 to 2016, I also served on the Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment team for AP US History and AP World History
- [Eugene Schultz](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/eugene-schultz/) - I have over 20 years of teaching experience, primarily in social studies at the secondary level. I hold a Master's degree in Education and have specialized in curriculum development and instructional strategies. My teaching philosophy centers on fostering critical thinking and engaging students in evidence-based discussions. Throughout my career, I have designed and implemented innovative
- [Amanda Connell](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/amanda-connell/) - My name is Amanda Connell and I teach World History and US History at a public high school in Smyrna, Georgia, in the United States. I was honored to serve as my school's Teacher of the Year (2022). Additionally, I was the content creator for the state of Georgia's Virtual World History course. I believe
- [Andrew Dermody](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/andrew-dermody/) - My name is Andrew Dermody and I’m a history teacher at St Finian's College, Mullingar County Westmeath. I'm really happy to be a new teaching fellow with Parallel Histories, working on the topic of partition and the foundation of Northern Ireland in 1921. When I saw the opportunity come up online, I was really excited
- [Lorraine Glynn](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/lorraine-glynn/) - I am a teacher of History and English at St. Joseph’s Secondary school in Tulla, Co. Clare. I'm really delighted to take up this Parallel Histories fellowship, focusing on an issue that I feel really passionate about which is encouraging debate and discussion amongst our students. It’s especially important to discuss controversial topics which still
- [Shellie Webster](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/shellie-webster/) - Hello, I’m Shellie Webster. I have been working as a fellow with Parallel Histories for several years and will continue to do so for many more to come! I teach at Christ the King College where I have been involved in implementing Parallel Histories' debating programme on the Israel Palestine conflict into the Year 9
- [Tim Leadbeater](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/tim-leadbeater/) - I have been drawn to Parallel Histories by the boldness of the strategy, the transparency of the pedagogy and the enthusiasm of students. I am the author of four textbooks, including Islamic Empires 650-1650 (KS3) and Indian Independence 1914-1964 (Access to History, A Level). My teaching career began in Bradford secondary schools. I became a
- [Harry Edmondson](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/harry-edmondson/) - My relationship with Parallel Histories began in the 6th form of Lancaster Royal Grammar School where I was fortunate to participate in a number of wide ranging debates and a study trip to Ireland where explored both sides of several debates in Irish history with students and politician Bertie Ahern. Having seen the value of
- [Stefanie Van Brussel](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/stefanie-van-brussel-belgian-editor/) - I am a teacher of history and geography at GO! K. Atheneum Antwerp (BE) and I am translating the Parallel Histories approach on ‘Israël-Palestine’ into Dutch and introducing it as good practice in Flanders, and then I hope, the Netherlands: Teaching history is not about that ‘one story’; the interpretation of historical facts has always
- [Colin Baker](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/colin-baker/) - I am the Assistant Director of K-12 Education and Outreach at Virginia Tech's European Union center, CEUTTSS (Center for European Union, Transatlantic and Trans-European Space Studies). He leads and develops CEUTTSS many K-12 programs involving Virginia and mid-Atlantic regional teachers, but I also lead an annual EU Council Debate at VT for local high school students,
- [Eamon Darcy](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/eamon-darcy/) - I am a historian of early modern Ireland and Britain teaching at Maynooth University. I am fascinated by the reflexes of our pre-modern past in the present day. Having published on the 1641 rebellion and the Cromwellian conquest in Ireland, I am interested in how people remember (or forget!) these events and how they are
- [Julian Richer](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/julian-richer-cofounder/) - I came across Michael in a Guardian article in 2015 about the difficulties of teaching the Israel Palestine conflict in school. He was developing a new way of teaching contentious history and was looking for a sponsor. I thought this sounded excellent so I called him up and offered to help. We had a cup
- [Michael Davies](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/michael-davies-cofounder/) - Michael was Editor of Parallel Histories from 2017 until his untimely death in 2024. Below are his words about how he came to found Parallel Histories: "Parallel Histories stems from my own past, both my childhood and more recently my experience as a high school history teacher over nearly twenty years. Over this time as
- [Pauline Chaloff](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/pauline-chaloff/) - My name is Pauline Chaloff and I live and teach in the suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. I taught Modern World History and AP World History in the public schools for 13 years and now work as a freelance writer and educational consultant. My focus is World History and making global history meaningful, accessible and engaging
- [ANN-LAURE LIÉVAL](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/ann-laure-lieval/) - J'enseigne l'histoire et la géographie en lycée à Lille, en section européenne Anglais. Après un premier projet Erasmus + "Learning to disagree" sur la pratique du débat et de la discussion autour de sujets controversés, j'ai intégré l'équipe Parallel Histories afin de développer des ressources sur un autre sujet sensible: la guerre d'indépendance algérienne. J'ai
- [MICHAEL DAVIES](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/team_members/michael-davies/) - Parallel Histories est issu de mon propre passé, à la fois de mon enfance et, plus récemment, de mon expérience en tant que professeur d'histoire au lycée pendant près de vingt ans. Au cours de cette période d'enseignement, certaines choses me sont apparues très clairement. Premièrement, les élèves aiment apprendre une histoire controversée qui les

## Testimonials

- [Edge Hill University, PGCE History Programme](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/edge-hill-university/) - 'Thank you for such a fantastic session, truly superb and so informative. Positive feedback from the trainees.'
- [Diana, Head of History from a school in Northern Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/diana/) - 'Thank you so much for taking the time with our pupils this afternoon, they loved it so much! I was so pleased to see them get more confident as the time went on, so I’m so excited to see them develop as our partnership grows!'
- [Témoignages de professeurs](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/temoignages-de-professeurs/) - Témoignages d’enseignants recueillis après les journées de formation Parallel Histories au PAF de Lyon depuis 2021 « Merci beaucoup pour la formation, ça fait plaisir de s'inscrire à des stages au PAF qui sont vraiment utiles ! » « Merci pour cette formation très enrichissante » « Si j'ai déjà pu faire ce genre d'exercices, il est
- [Témoignages d’élèves](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/temoignages-deleves/) - « Parallel Histories est une démarche très intéressante qui permet de mieux comprendre une question complexe comme le conflit israélo-palestinien » « J’ai adoré pouvoir élaborer en équipe notre argumentaire à partir d’une démarche facile d’accès et claire » « Il n’y a pas meilleure préparation pour le Grand Oral de mont de vue ! » « La possibilité
- [Ann](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/ann/) - 'One of our pupils had an Oxford interview recently and they were very interested in her Ireland digital debate. The feedback on the debates was great from parents too.'
- [Lila](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/lila/) - 'Thank you so much for organising today’s debate. It was a great opportunity for my students to push themselves out of their comfort zone; they have never taken part in any debating or public speaking, and this will undoubtedly prove useful for them going forward. It will also give them strong foundations for when they
- [Caroline](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/caroline/) - 'Many thanks for hosting a brilliant workshop today. The girls were delighted with themselves and really appreciated the learning feedback hugely.'
- [A-Level student](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/a-level-student-4/) - 'I thought it was a really interesting experience, something I’ve never done before and I thoroughly enjoyed putting my points across and discussing everyone’s viewpoint of the masterclass. It also massively improved my confidence in situations where we were put under pressure and it placed me out of my comfort zone which I believe is
- [A-Level student](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/a-level-student-3/) - 'Being put under time pressure to collect sources and connect them to points from perspectives I hadn't debated before was good. And we had time to act upon the feedback we got straight away rather than having to wait till next debate which means I think the feedback will be much more effective than in
- [A-Level student](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/a-level-student-2/) - 'Receiving honest and direct feedback me feel confident and more able to structure arguments.'
- [A-Level student](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/a-level-student/) - 'A lot of attention focused on each person - direct and thorough feedback.'
- [Year 9 student](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/year-9-student/) - 'I liked listening to other points of view in the debates. I did not want to argue that the British government should be praised for the Balfour declaration is really hard but I enjoyed it and think I learnt a lot because of it.'
- [Kim](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/kim-2/) - 'They enjoyed working with students from other schools, and I saw their confidence grow in debating, and using the evidence to support their point of view. It was great to see how they started off with one interpretation but would then often change sides after hearing the other arguments. They really understood the importance of
- [Conor](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/conor/) - 'I found a lot of the information very interesting and easy to engage with. In particular I appreciated the smaller group size as it gave everybody an opportunity to participate.'
- [John](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/john/) - 'The CPD was excellent in offering a range of ideas and specifically on how you get pupils debating in the classroom. As a Head of Department, I shall be using elements of this in the New Year to get our teachers thinking about what we should be looking at with our Year 9 SOW. Many
- [Philip](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/philip/) - 'Thank you for the CPD it was really useful – a reminder about how powerful looking at both narratives can be. I will definitely be using your resources for our year 9s next term, and am looking forward to the debates this will encourage.'
- [Chloe](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/chloe/) - 'Thanks for hosting this evening's Parallel Histories workshop. I found it to be accessible, engaging, and informative. Your website has a great wealth of resources and I am looking forward to using them when my school can safely allow after-school clubs, extra-curricular and debating in the classroom.'
- [Teacher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/teacher/) - 'I thought it was informative without bombarding me with information, thank you!'
- [Nicola](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/nicola/) - 'Very useful, as always, the enquiry question and how it was explained in a step-by-step process was very clear.'
- [Kim](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/kim/) - 'It was very informative, and the session helped me to think through how I might fit the enquiries into our existing schemes of work. Thank you.'
- [Sana](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/sana/) - 'The CPD was highly informative and reassuring. I cannot appreciate it enough. All my questions were answered thoroughly in the Q&A session at the end. So, thank you very much to Michael and the team.'
- [Pablo](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-testimonials/pablo/) - 'Thanks so much. I’m feeling invigorated and excited at the prospect of teaching my students how to debate divisive topics robustly but respectfully.'

## Schools

- [LAB St. Amands](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/lab-st-amands/)
- [OLVP Bornem](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/olvp-bornem/)
- [GO! Royal Atheneum Antwerp](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/go-royal-atheneum-antwerp/)
- [Lycée Franco-Hellénique E. Delacroix](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/lycee-franco-hellenique-e-delacroix/)
- [Lycée Fénelon, Lille](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/lycee-fenelon-lille/)
- [Jewish Free School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/jewish-free-school/)
- [Lycée Frédéric Fäys, Lyon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/lycee-frederic-fays-lyon/)
- [Lycée Jean Perrin, Lyon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/lycee-jean-perrin-lyon/)
- [Lycée Saint-Exupéry, Lyon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/lycee-saint-exupery-lyon/)
- [Malcolm Arnold Academy, Northampton](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/malcolm-arnold-academy-northampton/)
- [Moor End Academy, Huddersfield](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/moor-end-academy-huddersfield/)
- [New College, Swindon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/new-college-swindon/)
- [North Toronto Collegiate Institute](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/north-toronto-collegiate-institute/)
- [Oaklands Catholic School, Hampshire](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/oaklands-catholic-school-hampshire/)
- [Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bristol](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/queen-elizabeth-hospital-bristol/)
- [Ripley St Thomas Church of England Academy, Lancaster](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/ripley-st-thomas-church-of-england-academy-lancaster/)
- [Ryslinge Høj-og Efterskole](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/ryslinge-hoj-og-efterskole/)
- [Sacred Heart Secondary School, Drogheda, Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/sacred-heart-secondary-school-drogheda-ireland/)
- [Sarah Bonnell School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/sarah-bonnell-school/)
- [Sir William Perkins's School, Surrey](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/sir-william-perkinss-school-surrey/)
- [South and City College, Birmingham](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/south-and-city-college-birmingham/)
- [St Angela Ursuline's School, London](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/st-angela-ursulines-school-london/)
- [St Finian's College, Mullingar](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/st-finians-college-mullingar/)
- [St Genevieve’s High School for Girls, Belfast](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/st-genevieves-high-school-for-girls-belfast/)
- [St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/st-josephs-college-stoke-on-trent/)
- [St Joseph’s Secondary School, Tulla](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/st-josephs-secondary-school-tulla/)
- [St Philip Howard Catholic School, Chichester](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/st-philip-howard-catholic-school-chichester/)
- [Stepney Green Maths, Computing and Science College](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/stepney-green-maths-computing-and-science-college/)
- [The British International School of Jeddah](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/the-british-international-school-of-jeddah/)
- [The Chalk Hills Academy, Luton](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/the-chalk-hills-academy-luton/)
- [The Frances Bardsley Academy for Girls](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/the-frances-bardsley-academy-for-girls/)
- [The Wren Academy, London](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/the-wren-academy-london/)
- [Tormead School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/tormead-school/)
- [Wakefield Girls' High School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/wakefield-girls-high-school/)
- [Whitefield School, Barnet](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/whitefield-school-barnet/)
- [Witton Park Academy, Blackburn](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/witton-park-academy-blackburn/)
- [Wren Academy Finchley](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/wren-academy-finchley/)
- [Lycée Chateaubriand, Rennes](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/lycee-chateaubriand-rennes/)
- [London Academy of Excellence, Stratford](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/london-academy-of-excellence-stratford/)
- [Larne High School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/larne-high-school/)
- [Lancaster Royal Grammar School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/lancaster-royal-grammar-school/)
- [Kirkbie Kendal School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/kirkbie-kendal-school/)
- [Joseph Chamberlain Sixth Form College, Birmingham](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/joseph-chamberlain-sixth-form-college-birmingham/)
- [Jewish Community Secondary School, London](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/jewish-community-secondary-school-london/)
- [Gordonstoun School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/gordonstoun-school/)
- [Farlington School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/farlington-school/)
- [Eden Boys' School, Preston](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/eden-boys-school-preston/)
- [Dollar Academy](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/dollar-academy/)
- [Denbigh High School, Luton](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/denbigh-high-school-luton/)
- [Coombe Girls' School, London](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/coombe-girls-school-london/)
- [Cockermouth School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/cockermouth-school/)
- [Christ the King College, Isle of Wight](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/christ-the-king-college-isle-of-wight/)
- [Christopher Whitehead Language College, Worcester](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/christopher-whitehead-language-college-worcester/)
- [Central Lancaster High School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/central-lancaster-high-school/)
- [British International School, Istanbul](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/british-international-school-istanbul/)
- [Bolton School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/bolton-school/)
- [Blessed Trinity College, Belfast](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/blessed-trinity-college-belfast/)
- [Bishop’s Hatfield Girls’ School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/bishops-hatfield-girls-school/)
- [Banbridge Academy, Co.Down](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/banbridge-academy-co-down/)
- [Ballycastle High School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/ballycastle-high-school/)
- [Barr Head School, East Renfrewshire](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/barr-head-school-east-renfrewshire/)
- [Ark King Solomon Academy](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/ark-king-solomon-academy/)
- [Archbishop Blanch School](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/archbishop-blanch-school/)
- [Abrar Academy, Preston](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-schools/abrar-academy-preston/)

## Event

- [Teaching GCSE Conflict in the Middle East, c1945-1995](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-event/teaching-gcse/) - Currently teaching GCSE Conflict in the Middle East, c1945 - 1995 and would like to know more about delivering this course using a dual narrative approach? This one hour workshop will cover how to develop teacher and student subject knowledge as well tips on how to deliver a dual narrative within your curriculum.
- [Teaching Controversial History](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-event/teaching-controversial-history-4/) - Tell us a little about your students, their age and experience, what topic they’d like to debate and whether they’ll be in school or at home. We’ll then find a suitable partner school for you to debate with. If you think your students would benefit from one-on-one mentoring from a PwC staff volunteer, ­­­­­­­­we may
- [Teaching Controversial History](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-event/teaching-controversial-history-3/) - Tell us a little about your students, their age and experience, what topic they’d like to debate and whether they’ll be in school or at home. We’ll then find a suitable partner school for you to debate with. If you think your students would benefit from one-on-one mentoring from a PwC staff volunteer, ­­­­­­­­we may
- [Teaching Controversial History](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-event/teaching-controversial-history/) - Tell us a little about your students, their age and experience, what topic they’d like to debate and whether they’ll be in school or at home. We’ll then find a suitable partner school for you to debate with. If you think your students would benefit from one-on-one mentoring from a PwC staff volunteer, ­­­­­­­­we may
- [Teaching Controversial History](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-event/teaching-controversial-history-2/) - Tell us a little about your students, their age and experience, what topic they’d like to debate and whether they’ll be in school or at home. We’ll then find a suitable partner school for you to debate with. If you think your students would benefit from one-on-one mentoring from a PwC staff volunteer, ­­­­­­­­we may

## News

- [The Times | ‘Here’s how to teach controversial history’ by Emma Duncan](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/the-times-heres-how-to-teach-controversial-history-by-emma-duncan/) - We were thrilled to read such wonderful coverage of our debates programme in The Times this week by Emma Duncan. The comments from students filled us with pride, and do a better job than we can at explaining why our work is so important in schools.
- [The National | Palestine-Israel history taught in fewer than one in 50 UK schools](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/the-national-palestine-israel-history-taught-in-fewer-than-one-in-50-uk-schools/) - The National looks at growing calls to teach the history of the Israel/Palestine conflict in British schools
- [Times Radio | Interview with our founder Michael Davies](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/times-radio-interview-with-our-founder-michael-davies/) - Parallel Histories' founder Michael Davies discusses our unique approach to teaching history with Ayesha Hazarika on Times Radio
- [The Jewish Chronicle | Children should learn about war in school not TikTok](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/the-jewish-chronicle-children-should-learn-about-war-in-school-not-tiktok/) - The Jewish Chronicle reporting on how our dual narrative methodology has been implemented in both Jewish and predominantly Muslim schools
- [The National | Gaza-Israel tensions rise for UK pupils who claim schools shut down topic](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/gaza-israel-tensions-rise-for-uk-pupils-who-claim-schools-shut-down-topic/) - Interesting article in the state owned newspaper for UAE about how the Israel Gaza war is being taught or not taught in UK schools
- [Human Rights Watch  | How Can Europe Make Human Rights of Jews Count?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/how-can-europe-make-human-rights-of-jews-count/) - Our work and approach continues gain traction; here's a new endorsement published by Human Rights Watch
- [Schools in England block lessons on Middle East over fears of bias claims](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/schools-in-england-block-lessons-on-middle-east-over-fears-of-bias-claims/) - Teachers say pupils losing out on learning about history of Israel-Palestine conflict due to worries about ‘bad publicity’
- [History Ireland | Parallel Histories- an innovation in history teaching](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/history-ireland/) - We are very pleased that History Ireland, one of, if not the best English language history magazines in the world, ran a piece about our work.
- [BBC Newsline | Less Christian focused religious education, no daily act of worship, and community rather than religiously segregated schools.](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/bbc-newsline-less-christian-focused-religious-education-no-daily-act-of-worship-and-community-rather-than-religiously-segregated-schools-these-are-some-of-the-proposals-made-by-researchers-at-uls/) - Less Christian focused religious education, no daily act of worship, and community rather than religiously segregated schools. These are some of the proposals made by researchers at Ulster University to change the education system here - but what do pupils themselves think?
- [The Guardian | Is the curriculum dividing Northern Ireland's schools along Troubles lines?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/is-the-curriculum-dividing-northern-irelands-schools-along-troubles-lines-the-guardian/) - "According to Parallel Histories, a charity that aims to find new ways of teaching about recent conflicts, children studying the earlier period of 20th century history never learn that institutionalised discrimination against Catholics was written into the fabric of Northern Ireland’s laws since its creation in 1921. For those studying the later period, however, this
- [The Guardian | Exam boards drop Israel-Palestine from syllabus as schools fight shy of conflict](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/exam-boards-drop-israel-palestine-from-syllabus-as-schools-fight-shy-of-conflict/) - In 2014 history teacher Michael Davies took a group of his GCSE and A-level students on a field trip to Israel and Palestine. For the first half of the week they immersed themselves in the story of Israel and the tragedy of the Holocaust; for the second they visited the West Bank and played football
- [The Guardian | The Jewish story, the Arab story ... and a plan by Mr Davies](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/the-jewish-story-the-arab-story-and-a-plan-by-mr-davies/) - Last year, I took a group of my history students to Israel and the West Bank. It was a terrific success. We spent three days in Israel visiting the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial, meeting a documentary maker and a senior civil servant in prime minister Binyamin Netanyahu's office, before crossing to the West Bank, where
- [The Jewish Chronicle | A new way to teach the Arab-Israeli conflict](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/a-new-way-to-teach-the-arab-israeli-conflict/) - It may be the centenary of the Balfour Declaration this year, but how many British schoolchildren could say what it is? Despite extensive media coverage of the Israeli-Arab conflict, teaching of it has declined in the UK. According to the Guardian, three out of five exam boards in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, have dropped
- [The Jewish Chronicle | Just 27 schools take GCSE Israel option](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/just-27-schools-take-gcse-israel-option-the-jewish-chronicle/) - "Whether the political sensitivities around the subject are leading schools to shy away from it is open to question. But one teacher who believes there is certainly interest in it is Michael Davies, founder of the Parallel Histories project, which has created online teaching resources that explore events from both the Israeli and Palestinian points
- [The Guardian | ‘Serious concerns’: UK education row as Israel-Palestine textbooks pulled](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/serious-concerns-uk-education-row-as-israel-palestine-textbooks-pulled-the-guardian/) - "Parallel Histories provides a scheme of work used by 200 schools, among them Huddersfield grammar school, which gets students to debate the conflict from both sides, increasing their oracy skills along the way."
- [The Jewish Chronicle | An alternative approach to Middle East history | Simon Rocker](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/an-alternative-approach-to-middle-east-history-simon-rocker-jewish-chronicle/) - Jewish and Muslim students come together for an educational session that encouraged students to look at the Middle East conflict from a perspective they might have been unfamiliar with. "It should be the only way the Middle East conflict is taught" said Eyal Naveh, pioneering Israeli history professor, and special guest at the session.
- [BBC News | GCSE history: NI teachers reject criticism of lessons](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/gcse-history-ni-teachers-reject-criticism-of-lessons-bbc-news/) - Some NI history teachers respond to Parallel Histories' report on how history is taught in Northern Ireland. Parallel Histories criticised "the educational establishment that has allowed this situation to perpetuate".
- [EuroClio | Parallel Histories: An Interview](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/parallel-histories-an-interview-euroclio/) - Across Europe, history teachers are grappling with the subject of how to handle controversial history in the classroom. At EuroClio we like to keep an eye on educational innovations, and we were delighted to e-meet with Michael Davies (UK) and Theo Cohen (France) to talk about Parallel Histories, a UK educational charity which aims to
- [The Irish Times | Three different versions of our shared history being taught on the island](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/three-different-versions-of-our-shared-history-being-taught-on-the-island-the-irish-times/) - "Segregated education continues to dominate the school systems in the North, in tandem it seems with segregated history. Earlier this year a survey by Parallel Histories (a charity that aims to find new ways of teaching about recent conflicts) revealed a disparity between which period of history is being taught in Northern secondary schools divided
- [The Northern Times | Farr pupils debate Dundas legacy](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/farr-pupils-debate-dundas-legacy-the-northern-times/) - "History students at Farr High School are examining the impact the 18th century politician Henry Dundas had on the slave trade. The pupils are taking part along with other schools in the UK and Canada, in a project run by Edinburgh based educational charity Parallel Histories, which promotes a new way to study conflict."
- [The Corrymeela Podcast | Michael Davies of Parallel Histories](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/michael-davies-of-parallel-histories-the-corrymeela-podcast/) - "This episode of the Corrymeela features Michael Davies. Michael is the founder and director of Parallel Histories, a UK educational company that offers new ways to study the history of conflict. In this conversation we consider the ways history is taught in Britain, how the crisis of narration can be possibility, and how religion education
- [Glasgow Evening Times | Lourdes Secondary and Toronto pupils debate legacy of Henry Dundas in Glasgow](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/lourdes-secondary-and-toronto-pupils-debate-legacy-of-henry-dundas-in-glasgow-glasgow-evening-times-2/) - "Pupils argued the question of whether he helped or hindered the slave trade in a project run by Parallel Histories, an educational charity promoting new ways to study conflict."
- [TES | Political neutrality guidance: How teachers have reacted](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/political-neutrality-guidance-how-teachers-have-reacted-tes-2/) - Some teachers have called the guidance 'positive', but others have questioned whether schools actually need it
- [The Jewish Chronicle | The challenge of teaching about Israel](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/the-jewish-chronicle-the-challenge-of-teaching-about-israel/) - Schools must distinguish between education and advocacy
- [TES | Experts hope new Israel-Palestine resources will give history teachers confidence](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/new-israel-palestine-resources/) - A twice-pulled GCSE textbook on Middle Eastern history has now been replaced with a ‘dual narrative’ resource
- [BBC Radio 4 | Sunday, Cremations in Bali, Teaching the history of the Middle East, Why wear the burka?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/bbc-radio-4-sunday-cremations-in-bali-teaching-the-history-of-the-middle-east-why-wear-the-burka/) - Why do some Muslim women wear a burka when others feel a simple headscarf is enough to be compatible with their Islamic values? Mona Siddiqui and Fatima Barkatulla discuss. Hundreds of people have died after a devastating earthquake hit the Indonesian Islands of Lombok and Bali this week.
- [The Jewish Chronicle | Muslim and Jewish students learn new approach to Middle East](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/muslim-and-jewish-students-learn-new-approach-to-middle-east/) - What happened when boys from a Muslim academy went to JCoSS? "If you said to most people we should get a bunch of Muslim students from an Islamic school and a bunch of Jewish students together and sit them down to debate Israel and Palestine," said Michael Davies, "I think there would be a very
- [The Guardian | The Islamic school that ensures its boys understand the Israeli point of view](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/the-islamic-school-that-ensures-its-boys-understand-the-israeli-point-of-view/) - The private Abrar Academy is pioneering a groundbreaking method of teaching the history of the Israel/Palestine conflict
- [Drogheda Life | Sacred Heart debate Conflict Resolution and Parallel Histories](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/sacred-heart-debate-conflict-resolution-and-parallel-histories-drogheda-life/) - Sacred Heart Secondary School hosted a unique school event on Thursday last, 5th March as part of the Erasmus-funded 'Parallel Histories' programme in which 22 Transition Year students have been learning about, debating and teaching the school's younger students about the contested histories of Israel and Palestine and the conflict between those two countries.
- [BBC Radio Ulster | Northern Ireland History Curriculum Reform](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/post-news/northern-ireland-history-curriculum-reform-bbc-radio-ulster/) - Michael Davies joined Enda McClafferty on BBC Radio Ulster's Talkback to present Parallel Histories' research into the effect of sectarian education on history teaching. Michael's presentation and the subsequent debate begins at 1.06.10.

## Downloads

- [Famine source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/famine-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Isolationism vs Internationalism](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/isolationism-vs-internationalism/)
- [Civil Rights ebook Source Pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/civil-rights-ebook-source-pack/)
- [Cold War Source Pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/cold-war-source-pack-2/)
- [Israel/Palestine Coursework Materials](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/israel-palestine-coursework-materials/)
- [Teacher Pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/teacher-pack/)
- [Are the Palestinians mainly to blame for the failure of the Peace Process?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/are-the-palestinians-mainly-to-blame-for-the-failure-of-the-peace-process/)
- [1967 source pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/1948-source-pack/)
- [Prezi- Extended Study Northern Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/prezi-extended-study/)
- [English to Irish Translations](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/english-to-irish-translations/)
- [Should the British Government be praised or blamed for the Balfour Declaration?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/should-the-british-government-be-praised-or-blamed-for-the-balfour-declaration/)
- [Empire Sample](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/empire-sample-2/)
- [Empire Sample](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/empire-sample/)
- [US Civil War Ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/us-civil-war-ebook/)
- [Ebook: US Civil War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/ebook-us-civil-war/)
- [Freedom in the USA ebook source pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/freedom-in-the-usa-ebook-source-pack/)
- [Empire Overview Source Pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/empire-overview-source-pack/)
- [Empire Overview Ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/empire-overview-ebook/)
- [](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/3485/)
- [Putin and Ukraine ebook sample](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/putin-and-ukraine-ebook-sample/)
- [Civil Rights Movement ebook sample](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/civil-rights-movement-ebook-sample/)
- [Union ebook sample](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/union-ebook-sample/)
- [Churchill sample ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/churchill-sample-ebook/)
- [Northern Ireland sample ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/northern-ireland-sample-ebook/)
- [Israel-Palestine sample ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/israel-palestine-sample-ebook/)
- [US Cold War ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/us-cold-war-ebook/)
- [Israel-Palestine Complete History source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/israel-palestine-complete-history-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Balfour Declaration source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/balfour-declaration-source-pack-ebook/)
- [British Mandate source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/british-mandate-source-pack-ebook/)
- [1948 source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/1948-source-pack-ebook/)
- [1967 source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/1967-source-pack-ebook/)
- [First Intifada source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/first-intifada-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Israel-Palestine Peace Process source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/israel-palestine-peace-process-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Irish Music lyrics](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/irish-music-lyrics/)
- [Complete History Northern Ireland source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/complete-history-northern-ireland-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Partition source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/partition-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Peace Process in Northern Ireland (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/peace-process-ni-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Churchill source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/churchill-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Stalin source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/stalin-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Thatcher source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/thatcher-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Castro source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/castro-source-pack-ebook/)
- [de Valera source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/de-valera-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Napoleon source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/napoleon-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Union between England and Scotland source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/union-between-england-and-scotland-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Putin and Ukraine source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/putin-and-ukraine-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Hindu-Muslim conflict source pack (ebook)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/hindu-muslim-conflict-source-pack-ebook/)
- [Hindu-Muslim conflict ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/hindu-muslim-conflict-ebook/)
- [Ukraine and Putin ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/ukraine-and-putin-ebook/)
- [Union between England and Scotland ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/union-between-england-and-scotland-ebook/)
- [Napoleon ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/napoleon-ebook/)
- [de Valera ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/de-valera-ebook/)
- [Castro: ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/castro-ebook/)
- [Stalin ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/stalin-ebook/)
- [Thatcher ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/thatcher-ebook/)
- [Churchill ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/churchill-ebook-2/)
- [Irish Music ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/irish-music-ebook/)
- [Peace Process in Northern Ireland ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/peace-process-in-northern-ireland-ebook/)
- [Partition ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/partition-ebook/)
- [Famine ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/famine-ebook/)
- [Complete History of Northern Ireland: Ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/complete-history-of-northern-ireland-ebook/)
- [Freedom in the USA ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/freedom-in-the-usa-ebook/)
- [Civil Rights ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/civil-rights-ebook/)
- [US Cold War ebook source pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/us-cold-war-ebook-source-pack/)
- [1948 source pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/1948-source-pack-2/)
- [Peace Process ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/peace-process-ebook/)
- [Intifada ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/intifada-ebook/)
- [Mandate ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/mandate-ebook/)
- [Balfour ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/balfour-ebook/)
- [1967 eBook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/1967-ebook/)
- [1948 eBook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/1948-ebook/)
- [Complete History IP eBook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/complete-history-ip-ebook/)
- [IP Coursework](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/ip-coursework/)
- [NI Coursework](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/ni-coursework/)
- [Churchill eBook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/churchill-ebook/)
- [Which group had the stronger claim to the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/which-group-had-the-stronger-claim-to-the-land-between-the-mediterranean-and-the-jordan/)
- [Should Jewish armed forces be blamed for  the forced dispossession of half the Arab  population from their homes in Palestine  in 1948?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/should-jewish-armed-forces-be-blamed-for-the-forced-dispossession-of-half-the-arab-population-from-their-homes-in-palestine-in-1948/)
- [Irish Music](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/irish-music/)
- [The French Algerian War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/the-french-algerian-war-2/)
- [Cold War Source Pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/cold-war-source-pack/)
- [Cold War LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/cold-war-lp/)
- [Napoleon LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/napoleon-2/)
- [Should the British Government be praised or blamed for the Balfour Declaration? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/should-the-british-government-be-praised-or-blamed-for-the-balfour-declaration-2/)
- [Which group had the stronger claim to the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/which-group-had-the-stronger-claim-to-the-land-between-the-mediterranean-and-the-jordan-2/)
- [Should the British Government be blamed for its handling of the Mandate in Palestine? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/should-the-british-government-be-blamed-for-its-handling-of-the-mandate-in-palestine-2/)
- [Should Jewish armed forces be blamed for the forced dispossession of half the Arab population from their homes in Palestine in 1948? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/should-jewish-armed-forces-be-blamed-for-the-forced-dispossession-of-half-the-arab-population-from-their-homes-in-palestine-in-1948-2/)
- [Was Israel forced to begin the Six-Day War to protect itself from Arab aggression? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/was-israel-forced-to-begin-the-six-day-war-to-protect-itself-from-arab-aggression-2/)
- [Are the Palestinians mainly to blame for the failure of the Peace Process? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/are-the-palestinians-mainly-to-blame-for-the-failure-of-the-peace-process-2/)
- [The French Algerian War LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/the-french-algerian-war/)
- [Iran/USA LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/iran-usa/)
- [History of USA LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/history-of-usa-lp/)
- [Putin and Ukraine LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/putin-and-ukraine-2/)
- [Hindu-Muslim LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/hindu-muslim-lp/)
- [Churchill LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/churchill-2/)
- [Thatcher LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/thatcher-2/)
- [Stalin LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/stalin-2/)
- [Castro LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/castro-lp/)
- [Cromwell LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/cromwell-lp/)
- [Were the Israelis justified in the use of force in the First Intifada?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/were-the-israelis-justified-in-the-use-of-force-in-the-first-intifada/)
- [Were the Israelis justified in the use of force in the First Intifada? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/were-the-israelis-justified-in-the-use-of-force-in-the-first-intifada-2/)
- [Cromwell](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/cromwell/)
- [Hindu-Muslim](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/hindu-muslim/)
- [de Valera source pack](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/de-valera-source-pack/)
- [de Valera lesson plan](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/de-valera-lesson-plan/)
- [History of USA](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/history-of-usa/)
- [Castro](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/castro/)
- [Faut-il une reconnaissance officielle de l’Etat Français du 17 octobre 1961 pour apaiser les mémoires?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/faut-il-une-reconnaissance-officielle-de-letat-francais-du-17-octobre-1961-pour-apaiser-les-memoires/)
- [Has the Israeli government been justified in building the Security Barrier/Separation Wall? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/has-the-israeli-government-been-justified-in-building-the-security-barrier-separation-wall-2/)
- [Would a One State or a Two State outcome be better for Israelis and Palestinians? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/would-a-one-state-or-a-two-state-outcome-be-better-for-israelis-and-palestinians-2/)
- [Have the actions of the British Government been the main cause of conflict? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/have-the-actions-of-the-british-government-been-the-main-cause-of-conflict-2/)
- [Is the British Government responsible for the impact of the Great Famine? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/is-the-british-government-responsible-for-the-impact-of-the-great-famine-2/)
- [Should the British Government be praised or blamed for the partition of Ireland? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/should-the-british-government-be-praised-or-blamed-for-the-partition-of-ireland-2/)
- [Who is responsible for the slow progress of the Peace Process? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/who-is-responsible-for-the-slow-progress-of-the-peace-process-2/)
- [Did the national identity of people living in Scotland after 1707 become more British? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/did-the-national-identity-of-people-living-in-scotland-after-1707-become-more-british-2/)
- [Did people in Scotland after 1707 benefit from the Union with England? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/did-people-in-scotland-after-1707-benefit-from-the-union-with-england-2/)
- [Does the UK’s decision to leave the EU (Brexit) justify a second referendum? LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/does-the-uks-decision-to-leave-the-eu-brexit-justify-a-second-referendum-2/)
- [Sunni-Shi'a LP](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/sunni-shia/)
- [Napoleon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/napoleon/)
- [Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/thatcher/)
- [Treffen de Joodse gewapende groeperingen schuld aan het vluchtelingenprobleem dat ontstond in 1948 in Palestina?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/treffen-de-joodse-gewapende-groeperingen-schuld-aan-het-vluchtelingenprobleem-dat-ontstond-in-1948-in-palestina/)
- [Thatcher song list](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/thatcher-song-list/)
- [Israel – Palestina: een lange geschiedenis…](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/israel-palestina-een-lange-geschiedenis/)
- [Would a One State or a Two State outcome be better for Israelis and Palestinians?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/would-a-one-state-or-a-two-state-outcome-be-better-for-israelis-and-palestinians/)
- [Sunni and Shi'a](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/sunni-and-shia/)
- [Iran and USA](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/iran-and-usa/)
- [Putin and Ukraine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/putin-and-ukraine/)
- [Qui est responsable de l’exode des arabes palestiniens lors de la première  guerre israélo-arabe (1948-1949) ?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/qui-est-responsable-de-lexode-des-arabes-palestiniens-lors-de-la-premiere-guerre-israelo-arabe-1948-1949/)
- [Des histoires inscrites sur temps long](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/des-histoires-inscrites-sur-temps-long/)
- [Should the British Government be blamed for its handling of the Mandate in Palestine?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/should-the-british-government-be-blamed-for-its-handling-of-the-mandate-in-palestine/)
- [Have the actions of the British Government been the main cause of conflict?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/have-the-actions-of-the-british-government-been-the-main-cause-of-conflict/)
- [Is the British Government responsible for the impact of the Great Famine?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/is-the-british-government-responsible-for-the-impact-of-the-great-famine/)
- [Should the British Government be praised or blamed for the partition of Ireland?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/should-the-british-government-be-praised-or-blamed-for-the-partition-of-ireland/)
- [Who is responsible for the slow progress of the Peace Process?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/who-is-responsible-for-the-slow-progress-of-the-peace-process/)
- [Did the national identity of people living in Scotland after 1707 become more British?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/did-the-national-identity-of-people-living-in-scotland-after-1707-become-more-british/)
- [Did people in Scotland after 1707 benefit from the Union with England?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/did-people-in-scotland-after-1707-benefit-from-the-union-with-england/)
- [Does the UK’s decision to leave the  EU (Brexit) justify a second referendum?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/does-the-uks-decision-to-leave-the-eu-brexit-justify-a-second-referendum/)
- [Is it fair to blame Dundas for delaying the abolition of the slave trade?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/is-it-fair-to-blame-dundas-for-delaying-the-abolition-of-the-slave-trade/)
- [Churchill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/churchill/)
- [Les récits parallèles de la guerre d’indépendance Algérienne](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/1455/)
- [Stalin](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/stalin/)
- [Was Israel forced to begin the Six-Day War  to protect itself from Arab aggression?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/was-israel-forced-to-begin-the-six-day-war-to-protect-itself-from-arab-aggression/)
- [Has the Israeli government been justified  in building the Security Barrier/Separation  Wall?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/has-the-israeli-government-been-justified-in-building-the-security-barrier-separation-wall/)
- [Qui est responsable de l’échec du processus de paix israélo-palestinien  (depuis 1993)?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_downloads/qui-est-responsable-de-lechec-du-processus-de-paix-israelo-palestinien-depuis-1993/)

## Courses

- [Teaching Controversial History in the Classroom](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/course/teaching-controversial-history-in-the-classroom/) - This CPD course will provide an introduction to the Parallel Histories methodology for teaching controversial historical methods, and to Parallel Histories’ resources. This CPD course is self-paced and will take no longer than 30 minutes to complete. For support or comments email sarah@parallelhistories.org.uk

## Lessons

- [Classroom debates](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/lesson/classroom-debates/) - Preparing a speech A video with a classroom debate would be useful for this segment. Before students participate in debates, encourage your students to prepare their speeches either during class time or for homework. When preparing a speech ensure that students stick to the following rules: • Each student needs to prepare a 1–2-minute speech
- [Build the students’ knowledge and skills through the sources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/lesson/build-the-students-knowledge-and-skills-through-the-sources/) - The second stage of the methodology is to build the students’ knowledge and skills through the sources. All our eBooks are studded with sources, and we also include PDF packs of the sources on the scheme of work pages on our website so that you can print them out and students can easily access them
- [Introducing Parallel Narratives](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/lesson/parallel-narratives/) - The core principle The core principle is that you as teacher allow each narrative to speak for itself and you avoid giving your own opinion. You’ll be challenged on that ‘please miss tell us what to think’ or variations of that question, but you need to be firm and say, 'no, I want you to
- [Dear Parent: why your child is learning histories not history](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/lesson/parents/) - If you are asking students to study a narrative which their parents might disapprove of make sure you send a letter home before you start explaining the programme and assuring parents that they will be studying both sides. A couple of years ago we worked with a high school in Israel which was planning to
- [Peer-to-Peer Feedback](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/lesson/peer-to-peer-feedback/) - Peer-to-peer feedback The peer-to-peer feedback is essential for the debating process. Each week, two of the students within their group of ten are judges. They give feedback to each of the speaking students after everyone has spoken. This feedback can be very short: one positive and one point of development for each person. So for

## Modules

- [Review your learning](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/wpc-module/2463/)
- [Debates: Making speaking normal practice](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/wpc-module/2453/)
- [Sources: Learn like a historian, through the evidence](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/wpc-module/2452/)
- [Parallel narratives: Challenge the students to engage and come to their own view](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/wpc-module/2451/)

## Quizzes

- [Review your learning](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/wpc-quiz/review-your-learning/)

## Categories

- [History](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/category/history/)

## Tags

- [education](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/education/)
- [history](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/history/)
- [parallelhistories](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/parallelhistories/)
- [riots](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/riots/)
- [curriculum](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/curriculum/)
- [oracy](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/oracy/)
- [debate](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/debate/)
- [social cohesion](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/social-cohesion/)
- [racism](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/racism/)
- [democracy](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/democracy/)
- [classroom](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/tag/classroom/)

## Overview  Type

- [Union between England and Scotland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/union-between-england-and-scotland/)
- [Great Leaders](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/great-leaders/)
- [ISRAEL ET PALESTINE](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/fr-israel-and-palestine/)
- [LA GUERRE D’INDÉPENDANCE ALGÉRIENNE](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/la-guerre-dindependance-algerienne/)
- [Contextualisation](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/contextualisation/)
- [débat n°1](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/debat-n1/)
- [débat n°2](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/debat-n2/)
- [Israël-Palestina](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/israel-palestina/)
- [The French Algerian War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/the-french-algerian-war/)
- [Putin and Ukraine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/putin-and-ukraine/)
- [What are the historical causes of conflict between Hindus and Muslims from India and Pakistan?](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/what-are-the-historical-causes-of-conflict-between-hindus-and-muslims-from-india-and-pakistan/)
- [Sunni-Shi’a Conflict](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/sunni-shia-conflict/)
- [Irish Music](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/irish-music/)
- [The Famine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/the-famine/)
- [Complete History](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/complete-history/)
- [Partition of Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/partition-of-ireland/)
- [The Peace Process](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/the-peace-process/)
- [Churchill](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/churchill/)
- [Thatcher](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/thatcher/)
- [Stalin](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/stalin/)
- [Castro](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/castro/)
- [Eamon de Valera](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/eamon-de-valera/)
- [Cromwell](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/cromwell/)
- [Napoleon](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/napoleon/)
- [Iran and the USA](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/iran-and-the-usa/)
- [Failure of the Peace Process](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/failure-of-the-peace-process/)
- [First Intifada](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/first-intifada/)
- [1948](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/1948/)
- [1967](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/1967/)
- [IP Complete](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/ip-complete/)
- [Balfour Declaration](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/balfour-declaration/)
- [British Mandate](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/british-mandate/)
- [IP Complete Ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/ip-complete-ebook/)
- [Balfour Declaration Ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/balfour-declaration-ebook/)
- [British Mandate ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/british-mandate-ebook/)
- [1948 ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/1948-ebook/)
- [1967 ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/1967-ebook/)
- [First Intifada ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/first-intifada-ebook/)
- [Failure of the Peace Process ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/failure-of-the-peace-process-ebook/)
- [NI Complete History ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/ni-complete-history-ebook/)
- [The Famine ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/the-famine-ebook/)
- [Partition of Ireland ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/partition-of-ireland-ebook/)
- [Peace Process: NI ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/peace-process-ni-ebook/)
- [Irish Music ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/irish-music-ebook/)
- [Churchill ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/churchill-ebook/)
- [Thatcher ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/thatcher-ebook/)
- [Stalin ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/stalin-ebook/)
- [Castro ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/castro-ebook/)
- [Eamon de Valera ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/eamon-de-valera-ebook/)
- [Napoleon ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/napoleon-ebook/)
- [Union ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/union-ebook/)
- [Putin and Ukraine ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/putin-and-ukraine-ebook/)
- [Hindu-Muslim conflict ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/hindu-muslim-conflict-ebook/)
- [Cold War ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/cold-war-ebook/)
- [Civil Rights Movement ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/civil-rights-movement-ebook/)
- [Pursuit of Freedom ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/pursuit-of-freedom-ebook/)
- [Civil Rights Movement](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/civil-rights-movement/)
- [Pursuit of Freedom](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/pursuit-of-freedom/)
- [Napoleon US ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/napoleon-us-ebook/)
- [Cold War US ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/cold-war-us-ebook/)
- [Israel Palestine Teacher Resources](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/israel-palestine-teacher-resources/)
- [Empire Overview Ebook](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/empire-overview-ebook/)
- [US Civil War](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/us-civil-war/)
- [Isolationism vs Internationalism](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-overview/isolationism-vs-internationalism/)

## Extend Study  Type

- [Great Leaders](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-extend-study/great-leaders/)
- [Israel and Palestine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-extend-study/israel-and-palestine/)
- [Northern Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-extend-study/northern-ireland/)
- [Union between England and Scotland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-extend-study/union-between-england-and-scotland/)

## Testimonial  Type

- [Teacher Training](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-testimonial/teacher-training/)
- [School Debating](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-testimonial/school-debating/)
- [School Debating(FR)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-testimonial/school-debatingfr/)
- [Teacher Training(fr)](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-testimonial/teacher-trainingfr/)

## Event  Type

- [Event English](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-event/event-english/)
- [Event Franch](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/cat-event/event-franch/)

## Categories

- [Great Leaders](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/categories/great-leaders/)
- [Conflict in Israel Palestine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/categories/conflict-in-israel-palestine/)
- [Conflict over the Union in Scotland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/categories/conflict-over-the-union-in-scotland/)
- [Conflict in Northern Ireland](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/categories/conflict-in-northern-ireland/)
- [US History; Race, Identity and Freedom](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/categories/us-history-race/)
- [Putin and Ukraine](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/categories/putin-and-ukraine/)
- [Sectarian Conflicts](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/categories/sectarian-conflicts/)

## Team Member Types

- [Our team](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/teammember_type/our-team/) - Our Team
- [Teacher fellows](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/teammember_type/teacher-fellows/) - Our Teacher
- [Our US Board](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/teammember_type/our-us-board/)
- [Notre équipe](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/teammember_type/notre-equipe/)
- [Our Trustees](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/teammember_type/our-trustees/)
- [Co-founders & Patron](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/teammember_type/co-founders/) - Our Co-Founders & Patron

## Download Categories

- [Source packs](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_categories/source-packs/)
- [Lesson plan](https://parallelhistories.org.uk/sdm_categories/lesson-plan/)